And, in fact, the Irish annals tell us that their island was settled prior to the Flood.
This demonstrates (1) that these legends did not come from Christian sources, as the Bible record was understood in the old time to imply a destruction of all who lived before the Flood except Noah and his family; (2) it confirms our view that the Deluge was a local catastrophe, and did not drown the whole human family; (3) that the coming of the Formorians having been before the Deluge, that great cataclysm was of comparatively recent date, to wit, since the settlement of Ireland; and (4) that as the Deluge was a local catastrophe, it must have occurred somewhere not far from Ireland to have come to their knowledge.
Their race identity with the nations of Central America who possessed Flood legends, and whose traditions all point to an eastern, over-sea origin; while the many evidences of their race identity with the ancient Peruvians indicate that they were part of one great movement of the human race, extending from the Andes to Lake Superior, and, as I believe, from Atlantis to India.
The artificial lake of Mœris was created as a reservoir for the waters of the Nile: it was four hundred and fifty miles in circumference and three hundred and fifty feet deep, with subterranean channels, flood-gates, locks, and dams, by which the wilderness was redeemed from sterility.
What was the Altai flood?
It was a late Pleistocene glacial lake outburst flood, or a series of such floods, from the ice-dammed Chuya and Kuray basins.
That is the same class of megaflood geology as the better-known Missoula floods of North America.
Atlantis and deluge memory come last, as interpretation, not as a claim that the Altai flood is the sinking of Atlantis.
A glacial lake outburst flood is a sudden release of water that a glacier has dammed.
In Icelandic terms the sudden ice-dam failure pulse is also called a jökulhlaup-style flood.
Classic North American analogues are the Pleistocene Missoula floods and the Channeled Scabland landscape described by Baker and others.
Those floods left giant current ripples, huge gravel bars, and other high-energy deposits.
When the ice dam failed, catastrophic floods ran down the Chuya into the Katun.
Baker, Benito, and Rudoy (1993), in Science, reported Altai peak paleoflows that exceeded 18 × 10⁶ m³/s and ranked among Earth’s greatest freshwater floods.
I therefore say late ice age / late Pleistocene: exact calendar years are debated, several floods are possible, and the popular 12–9 ka BC range is one commonly cited window, not a proven single-day date.
Large boulders dropped from floating ice show that the flood carried icebergs as well as water and sediment.
They complete the hydraulic map of the flood path.
Outreach summaries (for example Lee 2004) and encyclopedia-style Altai flood pages carry that chain.
I do not flatten that cascade into a proven single flood path.
The Altai case sits beside Missoula as real geology behind “flood memory.”
Real catastrophic floods help explain why cultures keep deluge stories.
Near Eastern flood survivors sit on separate pages such as Ziusudra’s flood and Genesis 7.
Global flood-memory comparisons sit at flood stories from around the world.
The Black Sea deluge hypothesis is a separate labeled sea-flood trail on unified catastrophe theory.
What was the Altai flood?A late Pleistocene glacial lake outburst flood, or floods, from ice-dammed Chuya and Kuray lakes down the Chuya into the Katun.
When did the Altai flood happen?In the late ice age / late Pleistocene.
How does the Altai flood compare to the Missoula floods?Same process class: ice-dammed lake failure and megaflood deposits such as giant ripples and bars.
Altai peak discharges also sit near the 10⁷ m³/s scale, which is why Baker and others ranked them among Earth’s greatest freshwater floods.
Did the Altai flood reach Lake Mansi?Floodwaters entered the Ob system toward former Lake Mansi.
How does this help Atlantis research?It shows that sudden catastrophic floods really happened in the late ice age.
I do not treat the Altai flood as identity proof that Atlantis sank in the Katun corridor.
Ziusudra’s flood: Mesopotamian flood-survivor trail kept separate from Altai mountain outburst geology.
Genesis 7: Noah flood spine for comparative deluge reading.
Flood stories from around the world: My overview of flood stories from Mesopotamia, the Bible, Greece, India, the Americas, East Asia, Africa, Europe and the Pacific.
Unified catastrophe theory: Black Sea deluge hypothesis as a separate labeled sea-flood trail.
Peak paleoflows reported above 18 × 10⁶ m³/s among Earth’s greatest freshwater floods.
Reconstruction of Pleistocene ice-dammed lake outburst floods in the Altai Mountains, Siberia.
A short time back I discovered among the Assyrian tablets in the British Museum, an account of the flood; which, under the advice of our President, I now bring before the Society.
I have recently been examining the division comprising the Mythological and Mythical tablets, and from this section I obtained a number of tablets, giving a curious series of legends and including a copy of the story of the Flood.
On discovering these documents, which were much mutilated, I searched over all the collections of fragments of inscriptions, consisting of several thousands of smaller pieces, and ultimately recovered 80 fragments of these legends; by the aid of which I was enabled to restore nearly all the text of the description of the Flood, and considerable portions of the other legends.
These tablets were originally at least twelve in number, forming one story or set of legends, the account of the Flood being on the eleventh tablet.
Of the inscription describing the Flood, there are fragments of three copies containing the same texts; these copies belong to the time of Assurbanipal, or about 660 years before the Christian era, and they were found in the library of that monarch in the palace at Nineveh.
From the heading of the tablets giving his history, I suppose that Izdubar lived in the epoch immediately following the Flood, and I think, likewise, that he may have been the founder of the Babylonian monarchy, perhaps the Nimrod of Scripture.
The legends of Izdubar and the account of the Flood must however belong to a very early period, for there are references to the story in the bilingual lists which were composed in Babylonia during the early Chaldean empires.
In order properly to understand the reason why the narrative of the Flood is introduced into the story, it will be necessary to give a short account of the tablets which precede it before giving the translation of the Deluge inscription itself.
It appears that Izdubar, the hero of these legends, flourished as before stated, in the mythical period soon after the Flood, and the center of most of his exploits was the city of Erech, now called Warka, which must have been one of the most ancient cities in the world.
One of the next exploits of Izdubar and Heabani his servant was the conquest of the winged bull, a monster supposed to have existed in those days; but I must pass over this and other matters, to approach the subject of the Flood.
It winds up as follows: "The goddess Mamitu the maker of fate to them their fate has appointed, she has fixed death and life, but of death the day is not known." These words, which close the first speech of Sisit, bring us to the end of the tenth tablet; the next one, the eleventh, is the most important of the series, as it contains the history of the Flood.
The eleventh tablet opens with a speech of Izdubar, who now asks Sisit how he became immortal, and Sisit, fit answering, relates the story of the Flood and his own piety as the reason why he was translated.
A flood Shamas made, and83.
A flood he raised, and86.
of Vul the flood, reached to heaven;102.
The passage is obscure and does not concern the Flood, so I have not translated it.
In this part journeys are mentioned of 10 and 20 kaspu, or 70 and 140 miles; a lion is also spoken of, but there is no further allusion to the Flood.
These lines close the inscription, and are followed by a colophon which gives the heading of the next tablet, and the statement that this (the Flood Tablet) is the 11th tablet in the series giving the history of Izdubar, and that it is a copy of the ancient inscription.
On account of the wickedness of man, the Lord determined to destroy the world by a flood, and gave command to Noah to build an ark, 300 cubits long, 50 cubits broad, and 30 cubits high.
After seven days the Flood commenced in the 600th year of Noah, the seventeenth day of the second month, and after 150 days the ark rested upon the mountains of Ararat, on the seventeenth day of the seventh month.
The Flood was dried up in the 601st year, on the first day of the first month, and on the twenty-seventh day of the second month, Noah removed from the ark and afterwards built an altar and offered sacrifices.
The Chaldean account of the Flood, as given by Berosus, I have taken from Cory's Ancient Fragments, pages 26 to 29, as follows:
In his time happened a great Deluge, the history of which is thus described: The Deity, Cronos, appeared to him in a vision, and warned him that upon the fifteenth day of the month Daesius, there would be a flood, by which mankind would be destroyed.
"After the Flood had been upon the earth, and was in time abated, Xisuthrus sent out birds from the vessel, which not finding any food, nor any place whereupon they might rest their feet, returned to him again.
Upon the third day after the cessation of the rain Sisithrus sent out birds, by way of experiment, that he might judge whether the Flood had subsided.
There are several other accounts of the Flood in the traditions of different ancient nations; these, however, are neither so full nor so precise as the account of Berosus, and their details so far as they are given differ more from the Biblical narrative, so I shall not notice them now, but pass at once to the examination of the text.
The father of the hero of the Flood bears in the inscriptions the name Ubara-tutu which ought to correspond to one of the Greek forms, Otiártes or Ardátes; the resemblance however cannot be called a close one.
The hero of the Flood I have provisionally called Sisit; he corresponds, of course, to the Greek Xisuthrus, but no comparison of the two names can be made until we know the phonetic reading of the Cuneiform name.
In the opening of the account of the Flood there is a noticeable difference between the Cuneiform and Biblical narratives, for while in the Jewish account one God only is men tioned, the Cuneiform inscription mentions all the principal gods of the early Babylonian Pantheon as engaged in bringing about the Flood.
The description of the Flood in this inscription is very vivid; it is said to have been so terrible that the gods, fearing it, ascended to the heaven of Arm, that it is the highest and furthest heaven, the destruction of the human race is recorded, and the corpses of the wicked are said to have floated on the surface of the Flood.
According to the account in the Book of Genesis, the Flood commenced on the seventeenth day of the second month, the ark rested on Ararat after one hundred and fifty days on the seventeenth day of the seventh month, and the complete drying up of the Flood was not until the twenty seventh day of the second month in the following year.
The inscription, on the other hand, states that the Flood abated on the seventh day, and that the ship remained seven days on the mountain before the sending out of the birds.
On this point it must be remarked that some Biblical critics consider that there are two versions of the Flood story in Genesis itself, and that these two differ as to the duration of the Flood.
The vessel being stranded on the mountain, the Bible, Berosus, and the inscription all agree that trial was made by birds in order to ascertain if the Flood had subsided; but in the details of these trials there are curious differences in all three narratives.
In the statement of the building of the altar, and offering sacrifice after leaving the ark, all three accounts agree; but in the subsequent matter there is an important difference between the Bible and the inscription, for while the Bible represents Noah as living for many years after the Flood, the inscription on the other hand agrees with Berosus in making Sisit to be translated like the gods.
On reviewing the evidence it is apparent that the events of the Flood narrated in the Bible and the inscription are the same, and occur in the same order; but the minor differences in the details show that the inscription embodies a distinct and independent tradition.
The Cuneiform inscription, after giving the history of the Flood down to the sacrifice of Sisit, when he came out of the ark, goes back to the former part of the story, and mentions the god Bel in particular as the maker of the tempest or deluge; there appears to be a slight inconsistency between this and the former part of the inscription which suggests the question whether the Chaldean narrative itself may not have been compiled from two distinct and older accounts.
To this sea also came the great hero Izdubar, and was cured, and here he heard the story of the Flood.
From whence comes the story of the flood, the ark, of the birds?" Various conflicting answers have been given to these important questions, while evidence on these subjects before the Greek period has been entirely wanting.
Flood events, such as those in West Friesland, reshaped the region, creating new lakes and submerging former settlements.
Between 11,000 and 5,000 years ago, the Nile River's level was higher, placing the Giza plateau, including the Sphinx enclosure, within the river's flood zone.
Implications: Uncovered pillars depict animals and birds, possibly linking it to ancient flood narratives like Noah's Ark.
Too'che made no answer, save with a flood of tears.
In shame, I look upon the earth and the heavens thereof, and I say unto myself: O thou God, to whom these were given in charge, how incompetent you art against the flood of evil!
Whence escaped the struggling mortals, to float to far off continents, and tell the tale in all lands of a mighty flood?
In derision the Mother of Jesus was called Marah by the Jews.7 From Kosmon, the present time, to Moses and Capilya… 3,400 years.From Kosmon, the present time, to Abraham and Brahma… 5,800 years.From Kosmon, the present time, to Zarathustra… 8,900 years.From Kosmon, the present time, to Osiris (the first)… 12,200 years.From Kosmon, the present time, to Thor (the first)… 15,400 years.From Kosmon, the present time, to Apollo (the first)… 18,200 years.From Kosmon, the present time, to Sue… 21,400 years.From Kosmon, the present time, to the coming of Aph to the Earth and the Flood… 24,000 years.From Kosmon, the present time, to the commencement of Aph's cycle… 25,000 years.8 See Christian Bible, Matthew, chap, x., vs.
Di'ga, flood.
In the days before the flood of waters My Sire built a temple a hundred goo'en square;26 with skulls built he it, and feasted on their souls, uprising in the firmament, above the sun, companion of the stars.
As the lens power lose by flattening the vortex, and increase by rounding the vortex, it will be observed that the position of the moon's vortex relatively to the earth's, is a fair conclusion as to the times of ebb and flood tide.
But where they have prophesied ebb and flood tide to be caused by certain positions of the moon, they have erred in suffering themselves to ignorantly believe the cause lay with the moon.
Then Pharaoh, distracted by the flood of miracles and the superabundance of the spirits of the dead strolling over all of Egupt, embraced the oracle's fearful decrees.
Capilya interrupted: And you barteredst your*** flesh and flood with the queen for this?
But Pharaoh's army, who were in pursuit, were caught in the flood of the tide and drowned.
By the breath of Thy nostrils, You heapedst up the waters of the sea; and the floods stood upright by Thy voice, to entrap them in the heart of the sea!
And to alight on the earth, to flood the temples and altars with so great an abundance of spirits as would drive Jehovih's ashars into disastrous confusion, and vanquish them, was the theme and project.
Behold you***, then, we will wall this altar around and shut off the attendant ashars with mortals, and flood the place with drujas, to obsess them to total madness.
But not in any lengthened suspense, for when the sun stood with the widest part of the earth between, the midnight hour, the militants came rushing on, with oaths most hideous, and by their dense flood of numbers reached the sleeping mortals and laid hands on them.
Behold, I will bring a flood of waters upon the lands of the earth, and I will destroy all flesh wherein is the breath of life.
But my covenant is with my chosen, who should not be destroyed by the flood of waters.
And when the earth was six hundred years in Noe, the flood of waters was come upon the earth.
Out of the hosts of Parsi'e, who were of the people of Shem, who were since the days of the flood, came Abram, a man chosen by God, in the arcs of Spe-ta and Bon, for the deliverance of the Faithists of Arabin'ya.
God led Abram away from He-sa, his native place, where he was a maker of baskets, and took him to the ancient land of Ham, which had been destroyed by druks, before the flood, as the name signify; whereafter God surnamed him Abraham, and made him chief rab'bah over the Faithists of Arabin'ya.
Abram was of pure blood, an I'huan; and the light of su-is had been with his forefathers and foremothers since the flood, and he was large and red, like new copper, and had black hair and long beard, fierce to look upon; but his soul was gentle as a woman's.
And these were the first tribes of I'huans in the land of Guatama (after the flood), and they dwelt together, marrying and begetting offspring, dwelling in peace.
Next south lay the kingdom of Himallawowoaganapapa, rich in legends of the people who lived here before the flood; a kingdom of seventy cities and six great canals coursing east and west, and north and south, from the Ghiee Mountain, in the east, to the west mountain, the Yublahahcolaesavaganawakka, the place of the king of bears, the Eeughohabakax (grizzly).
And in answer to the Lord a seraphim, a mighty fire-ship, came down out of the sun region, opening the flood-gate of heaven with a sea of water, and all the people perished, save the I'hins, the sacred people, friends of the Lord of earth.
And these were the first writings since the flood, other than such as were kept secret amongst the I'hins.
The Lord said: Gather together a thousand men and women, and I will lead you to your brethren, whose forefathers were also saved from the flood; saved by the sacred little people, the I'hins.
The Lord said: Gather together a thousand men and women, and I will lead you to your brethren, whose forefathers were also saved from the flood; saved by the sacred little people, the I'hins.
And in all these countries there were made images of stone and copper, and engravings thereon of the children of Noe, and of the flood, and of the sacred tribes, Shem, Ham and Jaffeth.
Legends of the flood, and of the journeys related above, are still existing in all those countries.
For the I'huans, even before the flood, were in the first place born capable of everlasting life.
Where is the place and boundary of the sacred people, the I'hins, whom I delivered in the time of the flood?
And this was the first cooked food for man since the days of the flood.
And it came to pass that a new race was born on the earth, and they were called I'huans, after the manner of the ancient warriors that destroyed the chosen, before the flood.
BEING THE SECOND CYCLE AFTER THE FLOOD.
And this is what happened in reference to the false Gods and false Lords, who came to the festival, equipped in chariots and ships, and with banners and flags, and crowns and diadems, and such wonderful extravagancies, the like of which had not been in heaven since the flood.
For behold, I will bring a flood of waters upon the earth, even above the highest mountains; for I will destroy the corruption thereof, and purge it of all uncleanness.
Take you***, therefore, of all food that is good to eat, and gather it into the ships; for the flood should remain a hundred and fifty days; and you*** should not come forth and find wherewith to eat.
And in one hundred and fifty days from the beginning of the flood, the ships were brought into their respective places; as the Lord designed them, so landed they in the different countries of the world.
They should remember the flood.
AND THIS PERIOD WAS COMMONLY CALLED THE DELUGE, OR FLOOD OF WATERS.
BEING FORTY-EIGHT THOUSAND YEARS, AND ALSO INCLUDING THE SUB-CYCLE OF A THOUSAND YEARS OF DARKNESS; COVERING A PERIOD FROM THE CREATION OF MAN DOWN TO THE SUBMERSION OF THE CONTINENT OF PAN, CALLED BY THE ANCIENTS THE FLOOD, OR DELUGE, WHICH WAS TWENTY-FOUR THOUSAND YEARS B.K., SELECTED FROM THE RECORDS IN THE LIBRARIES OF HEAVEN.
It spans from man’s creation to the submersion of Pan (the Flood), which occurred 24,000 years B.K., based on records from heaven.
This period is commonly called the Deluge or Flood of Waters.
Covers the second cycle after the Flood.
It offers alternative explanations for events such as the flood, creation myths, and the origins of organized religion.
Enki: Lord of Earth, associated with creating humanity (Adam) and saving mankind from the flood.
Enlil: Lord of Air, responsible for the flood in Sumerian texts.
The Flood: In Sumerian accounts, Enki saved humanity, while Enlil caused the flood.
In the Philippines, the natives of Mindanao have a group known as the "Atas," who also have a flood myth similar to that of the Aztecs.
The Arabic Al-Atlal refers to ruins or remnants, which can imply remnants left by water (e.g., ruins after a flood or submerged cities).
This conceptual overlap deepens if Atlantis was influenced by stories of catastrophic floods (as seen in various ancient flood myths).
If Plato's Atlantis story originated in Egypt and Nahuatl's "Atl" originates in Mesoamerica, both may independently tap into universal myths of water-related destruction (e.g., floods, and deluges).