Americas

When the Scottish poet, Dunbar, wrote of America, twenty years after the voyage of Columbus, he only knew of it as " the new-found isle." The opinion, universally favoured in the infancy of physical science, of the recurrence of convulsions of nature, whereby nations were revolutionised, and vast empires destroyed by fire, or engulfed in the ocean, revived with the theories of cataclysmic phenomena in the earlier speculations of modern geology ; and has even now its advocates among writers who have given little heed to the concurrent opinion of later scientific authorities.

He calls into being, " from the vasty deep," a submerged continent, or, rather, extension of the present America, stretching eastward, and including, as he deems probable, the Canary Islands, and other insular survivals of the imaginary Atlantis.

There is, indeed, an idea favoured by certain students of science, who carry the spirit of nationality into regions ordinarily regarded as lying outside of any sectional pride, that, geologically speaking, America is the older continent.

and the Gronland's HistorisJce Mindesmcerker, by the antiquaries of Copenhagen, adduced contemporary authorities, and indisputably genuine runic inscriptions, in proof of the visits of the Northmen to Greenland and the mainland of North America, before the close of the tenth century.

The idea of pre-Columbian intercourse between Europe and America, is thus no novelty.

Eeferences to America have, in like manner, been sought for in obscure allusions of Herodotus, Seneca, Pliny, and other classical writers, to islands or continents in the ocean which extended beyond the western verge of the world as known to them.

America was no further off from Tarshish in the golden age of Tyre than in that of Henry the Navigator.

It is thus obvious that the discovery of America would have followed as a result of the voyage of Vasco de Gama round the Cape, wholly independent of that of Columbus.

On the news of de Cabral's discovery reaching Portugal, the King despatched the Florentine, Amerigo Vespucci, who explored the coast of South America, prepared a map of the new-found world, and thereby wrested from Columbus the honour of giving his name to the continent which he discovered.

The chief seat of the highest native American civilisation, is neither Mexico nor Peru, but Central America.

The nations of the Maya stock, who inhabit Yucatan, Guatemala, and the neighbouring region, were peculiarly favourably situated ; and they appear to have achieved the greatest progress among the communities of Central America.

Tested indeed by intervening centuries their monuments are not so venerable ; but, for America's chroniclings, they are more prehistoric than the disclosures of Assyrian mounds.

The cities of Central America were large and populous, and adorned with edifices, even now magnificent in their ruins.

The races of America differ less in physical character from those of Asia, than do the races either of Africa or Europe.

With the millions of America's coloured population, of African blood and yet speaking Aryan languages, the American comparative philologist can scarcely miss the significance of the warning that linguistic and ethnical classifications by no means necessarily imply the same thing.

There is one answer, at the least, which the languages of America give, that fully accords with the legend, " white with age," that told of an island-continent in the Atlantic Ocean with which the nations around the Mediterranean once held intercourse.

Elements common to the Anglo-American of the nineteenth century and the Sanskrit-speaking race beyond the Indus, in the era of Alexander of Macedon, are suggested at once by the grammatical structure of their languages ; whereas there is nothing in the resemblance between the Basque and any of the North American languages that is not compatible with a " stepping-stone " from Asia to America by the islands of the Pacific.

The most important of all the native American languages in their bearing on this interesting inquiry—those of Central America,—are onlynow receiving adequate attention.

of relationship of the races of America to those of the Old World ; physiological comparisons lend no confirmation to the idea of an indigenous native race, with special affinities and adaptation to its peculiar environment, and with languages all of one class, the ramifications from a single native stem.

So far as physical affinities can be relied upon, the man of America, in all his most characteristic racial diversities, is of Asiatic origin.

To the continent north of the Gulf of Mexico, the grand civilising art of the metallurgist remained to the last unknown ; and in Mexico, it appears as a gift of recent origin, derived from Central America.

The Asiatic origin of the art of Tubal-cain has, indeed, been pretty generally assumed, both for Central and Southern America;

Assuming, for the sake of argument, the dispersion of a common population of Asia and America, already familiar with the working of metals, and with architecture, sculpture and other kindred arts, at a date coeval with the founding of Tyre, " the daughter of Sidon," what help does language give us in favour of such a postulate ?

With those, as with the more cultured languages, or rather languages of the more cultured races, of Central and Southern America, elaborate comparisons have been made with vocabularies of Asiatic languages ; but the results are, at best, vague.

Professor Max Muller has drawn attention to the tendency of the languages of America towards an endless multiplication of distinct dialects.

Those again have been grouped by the synthetic process of Hervas into eleven families : seven for the northern continent, and four for South America.

Lucien Adam to the Congrds International des Americanistes, he gives the results of a careful examination of sixteen languages of North and South America; and arrives at the conclusion that they belong to a number of independent families as essentially distinct as they would have been " had there been primitively

It is from this area, southward through Central America, and in the great seat of native South American civilisation, that we can alone hope to recover direct evidence of ancient intercourse between the Old and the New World.

This, therefore, tends to sustain the prevailing opinion of scholars that there is no direct affiliation between the languages of North and South America.

By an Atlantic oceanic migration, another wave of population occupied the Canaries, Madeiras, and the Azores, and so passed to the Antilles, Central America, and probably by the Cape Verdes, or, guided by the more southern equatorial current, to Brazil.

It is not necessary to include in the question here dis-cussed, the more comprehensive one of the existence of man in America contemporary with the great extinct animals of the Quaternary Period ; though the acknowledged affinities of Asiatic and American anthropology, taken in connection with the remoteness of any assignable period for migration from Asia to the American continent, renders it far from improbable that the latest oscillations of land may here also have exercised an influence.

The present soundings of Behring Strait, and the bed of the sea extending southward to the Aleutian Islands, entirely accord with the assumption of a former continuity of land between Asia and America.

The idea to which the speculations of Darwin, founded on his observations during the voyage of the £ Beagle,' gave rise, of a continuous subsidence of the Pacific Ocean, also favoured the probability of greater insular facilities for trans-oceanic migration at the supposed period of the peopling of America from Asia.

But more recent explorations, and especially those connected with the ' Challenger ' expedition, fail to confirm the old theory of the origin of the coral islands of the Pacific ; and in any view of the case, we must be content to study the history of existing races, alike of Europe and America, apart from questions relating to palaeocosmic man.

Such are to be looked for with greater probability among the languages of South America ; but the substitution of affixed particles for inflections, especially in expressing the direction of action in relation to the speaker, is common to the Polynesian and the Oregon languages, and has analogies in the Cherokee.

Other observations of more recent date have still further tended to countenance the recognition of elements common to the languages of Polynesia and America ; and so to point to migration by the Pacific to the western continent.

It furnishes another link in the chain of evidence of ancient migration from Asia to America ; as is proved by its practice in some of the islands of the Pacific, as described by Dr.

By following up the traces of this strange custom, perpetuated among the tribes on the Pacific coasts both of Northern and Southern America to our own day, we thus once more retrace the steps of ancient wanderers, and are carried back to centuries when the Macrocephali of the Euxine attracted the observant eye of Hippocrates, and became familiar to Strabo, Pliny, and Pomponius Mela.

The number and diversity of the languages of the continent of America, and their essentially native vocabularies, prove that the latter have been in prolonged process of development, free from contact with languages which appear to have been still modelling themselves according to the same plan of thought in many scattered islands of the Pacific.

The remarkable amount of culture in the languages of some of the barbarous nations of North America, traceable, apparently, to the important part which the orator played in their deliberative assemblies, has not unnaturally excited surprise : but in any attempt to recover the history of the New World by the aid of philology we must deal with the languages of its 1 Races ofMan (Bohn), p.

Of these, the latter was the classical language of South America, wherein, according to its native historians, the Peruvian chroniclers and poets incorporated the national legends.

The students of American ethnology begin to realise that the buried mounds of Assyria are not richer in discoveries relative to the ancient history of Asia than are the monuments, the hieroglyphic records, and the languages of Central America and Peru, in relation to a native social life which long flourished as a product of their own West.

If its architecture and sculpture, and the hieroglyphic records with which they are enriched, are modifications of a prehistoric Asiatic civilisation, it is here that the evidence is to be looked for ; and if the arts of the sculptor and architect were brought to the continent of America by wanderers from an Asiatic fatherland, then those of the potter and of the metallurgist will also prove to be an inheritance from the old Asiatic hive of the nations.

modified by later reconsideration of the question of the origin of the Aryans, as well as the European melanochroic Metis of Huxley, pertains to a prehistoric era of which the Finns and the Basques are assumed to be survivals ; and to that elder era, rather than to any date within the remotest limits of authentic history, the languages of America seem to refer us in the search for any common origin with those of the eastern hemisphere.

But, whatever intercourse may possibly have then been carried on between the Old and the New World, it must be obvious, on mature reflection, that so recent a date for the peopling of South America from Asia is as little reconcilable with the very remote traces of linguistic affinity thus far adduced, as it is with any fancied relationship with a lost Atlantis of the elder world.

But, leaving the estimate of centuries out of consideration, in the researches into the origin of the peculiar native civilisation of America here referred to, the recently deciphered Akkad is accepted as the typical language of the Sumerian class.

This is assumed to have started from High Asia, and to have passed on to Babylonia ; while another branch diffused itself by India and Indo-China, and thence, by way of the islands of the Pacific, reached America.

Hence, in an illustrative table of Sumerian words arranged under four heads, as Western, Indo-Chinese, Peruvian, and Mexican, etc., it is noted that " while in some cases a root may be traced throughout, it will be seen that more commonly the western and American roots or types, cross in the Indo-Chinese region." But another and older influence, related to the Agaw of the Mle region, is also traced in the Guarani, Omagua, and other languages of South America, indicating evidences of more remote relations with the Old World, and with the African continent.

It accords with the idea of Polynesian genealogy, that indications suggestive of grammatical affinity have been noted in languages of South America, in their mode of expressing the tense of the verb ; in the formation of causative, reciprocal, potential, and locative verbs by affixes ; and in the general system of compound word structure.

As also, afar on the most northern island of the Azores, hoards of Carthaginian coins have revealed traces of the old Punic voyager there ; if still more ancient voyagers from Sidon, Tyre, or Seleucia, did find their way in some forgotten century to lands that lay beyond the waste of waters which seemed to engirdle their world : similar evidence may yet be forthcoming among the traces of ancient native civilisation in Central or Southern America.

Certain it is that, whatever transient visits may have been paid to North America by representatives of Old World progress, no long-matured civilisation, whether of native or foreign origin, has existed there.

The nations of the Maya stock appear to have made the greatest progress in civilisation of all the communities of Central America.

The civilisation of Mexico was but a borrowed reflex of that of Central America ; and its picture-writing is a very inferior imitation of the ideography of the Maya hieroglyphics.

The point, however, is by no means established ; nor can any reason be shown why the human intellect might not be started on the same course in Central America, as in Mesopotamia or the valley of the Nile.

If we assume the primary settlement of Central America by expeditions systematically carried on under the auspices of some ancient maritime power of the Mediterranean, or of an early seat of Iberian or Libyan civilisation, then they would, undoubtedly, transplant the arts of their old home to the New World.

Hieroglyphics, as the natural outgrowth of pictorial representation, must always have a general family likeness ; but all attempts to connect the civilisation of Central and Southern America with that of Egypt fail, so soon as a comparison is instituted between the Egyptian calendar and any of the native American systems of recording dates and computing time.

The Mexicans stood in the same relation to Central America as the Northern Barbarians of the third and fourth century did to Italy ; and the intruding Spaniard nipped their germ of borrowed civilisation in the bud.

So long as the search for evidences either of a native or intruded civilisation is limited to the northern continent of America, it is equivalent to an attempt to recover the traces of Greek and Eoman civilisation in transalpine Europe.

We must await, then, the intelligent exploration of Central America, before any certain conclusion can be arrived at relative to the story of the New World's unknown past.

The facilities for all this were, at least, as abundant in Central and Southern America as in Egypt.

It would not, therefore, in any degree, surprise me to learn of the discovery of a genuine Phoenician, or other inscription ; or, of some hoard of Assyrian gryphons, or shekels of the merchant princes of Tyre "that had knowledge of the sea," being recovered among the still unexplored treasures of the buried empire of Montezuma, or the long-deserted ruins of Central America.

But until such evidence is forthcoming, the legendary Atlantis must remain a myth, and pre-Columbian America be still credited with a self-achieved progress.

The poet, while adapting it to the purpose of his art, was not without faith in the genuineness of the legend which he amplified into his epic ; and notes in the preface appended to it : " Strong evidence has been adduced that he (Prince Madoc) reached America; and that his posterity exist there to this day on the southern branch of the Missouri, retaining their complexion, their language, and in some degree, their arts." But later explorations have failed to discover any " Welsh Indians " on the Missouri or its tributaries.

Southey quoted at a long-subsequent date a critical pamphleteer who denounced the author of Madoc as having " meditated a most serious injury against the reputation of the New World by attributing its discovery and colonisation to a vagabond Welsh prince ; this being a most insidious attempt against the honour of America, and the reputation of Columbus " !

It is inevitable that America should look back to the Old World when in search of some elements of civilisation, and for the diversities of race and language traceable throughout the western hemisphere.

The early students of the sculptured monuments and hieroglyphic records of Mexico, Central America, and Peru, naturally turned to Egypt as their probable source ; though mature reflection has dissipated much of the reasoning based on superficial analogies.

tions from the most primitive picture-writing of the Indian savage to ideography and abbreviated symbolism, are so clearly traceable in the various stages of progress, from the rude forest tribes to the native centres of civilisation in Central and Southern America, that no necessity remains for assuming any foreign source for their origin.

That the world beyond the Atlantic had remained through unnumbered centuries apart from Europe and the old East, until that memorable year 1492, is indisputable ; and there was at one time a disposition to resent any rivalry with the grand triumph of Columbus ; as though patriotic spirit and national pride demanded an unquestioning faith in that as the sole link that bound America to the Old World.

The issue in that earlier year of the Antiquitates Americance, sive scriptores septentrionales rerum ante-Columbiarum in America, by the Eoyal Society of Northern Antiquaries, under the editorship of Professor Charles Christian Bafn, produced a revolution, alike in the form and the reception of illustrations of ante-Columbian American history.

1 The indomitable race that emerged from the Scandinavian peninsula, and the islands and shores of the Baltic, and over-ran and conquered the deserted Eoman world, supplied the maritime energy of Europe from the fifth to the tenth century; and colonised northern Italy with the element to which we must assign the rise of its great maritime republics, including the one that was to furnish the discoverer of America in the fifteenth century.

But of their actual discovery of some portion of the mainland of North America, prior to the eleventh century, there can be no reasonable doubt.

The narrations of ancient voyagers, and their explorations in the New World, as brought to light in 1835 by the Copenhagen volume on pre-Columbian America, were too truthful in their aspect to be slighted ; and too fascinating in their revelations of a long-forgotten intercourse between the Old World and the New, to be willingly subjected to incredulous analysis.

Eirst Bishop Erik Gnupson 1121 A.D." The entire evidence has been readduced with minutest critical accuracy in The Finding of Wineland the Good : the History of the Icelandic Discovery of America, by the late gifted Arthur Middleton Reeves.

the learned, derived the story from his paternal uncle Thorkell Gellisson of Helgufell, who lived in the latter half of 1 The Finding of Wineland the Good : the History of the Icelandic Discovery of America, edited and translated from the earliest records, by Arthur Middleton Reeves.

To those who are accustomed to associate the vine with the Ehine land, or the plains of Champagne, it sounds equally extravagant to speak of the Maritime Provinces, or of the New England States, as " Vinland the Good." But numerous allusions of voyagers and travellers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries refer with commendation to the wild grapes of North America.

So far from believing that the inscription was a relic of the pre-Columbian discovery of America, I had never given any credence to that theory."

the Eskimo attract the attention of the ethnographer as the one definite ethnic link between America and Asia.

The Alaskan and the Tshugazzi peninsulas are in part peopled by Eskimo ; the Konegan of Kudjak Island belong to the same stock ; and all the dialects spoken in the Aleutian Islands, the supposed highway from Asia to America, betray in like manner the closest affinities to the Arctic Mongolidse of the New World.

Halliburton read a paper entitled "A Search in British North America for lost Colonies of Northmen and Portuguese." Documents were quoted by him showing that from a.d.

Halliburton traced to Spanish Harbour (Sydney), Cape Breton, and this he claimed to be the earliest European settlement in North America.

The American historian Bancroft gave form to this tendency when he affirmed that " the story of the colonisation of America by Northmen rests on narratives mythological in form and obscure in meaning ; ancient, yet not contemporary." If the historian had adduced in evidence of this the story of the Eyrbyggia Saga, and the later amplifications of reputed voyages to " White Man's Land," and to "Newland," his language would have been pardonable.

ically produced four centuries earlier to prove that America was an impossibility.

In his fancy's choice he gave a preference, at first for Bermuda, or the Summer Islands, as the site of his college ; and " presents the bright vision of an academic home in those fair lands of the West, whose idyllic bliss poets had sung, from which Christian civilisation might be made to radiate over this vast continent with its magnificent possibilities in the future history of the race of man." It was while his mind was preoccupied with this fine ideal " of planting Arts and Learning in America " that he wrote the wTell-known lines : — There shall be sung another golden age, The rise of empire and of arts ;

Those rude examples of primitive art lie alongside of the unwrought flint in such profusion that the examples of them already accumulated in the museums of Europe and America amount to many thousands.

The archaeologists of Europe are now familiar with many localities which have been the quarries and workshops, as well as the settled abodes, of palaeolithic and neolithic man; nor are such unknown in America, though research has to be greatly extended before definite conclusions can be accepted relative to the earliest presence of man on the western continent.

The flint of the cretaceous deposits does not occur in America.

Out-crops occur at Port Dover, Port 1 Palaeolithic Man in Eastern and Central North America, pp.

The Iroquois, that indomitable race of savage warriors, swept through the valley with desolating fury ; the dawn of civilisation on the northern continent of America was abruptly arrested ; and the present name of the great river along the banks and on the tributaries of which the memorials of the Tallegewi abound, is one conferred on it by their supplanters, who were equally successful in thwarting the aims of France to introduce the higher forms of European civilisation there.

Charles Eau has given the subject special attention, and in a paper entitled "Ancient Aboriginal Trade in North America," he furnishes evidence of addiction to certain manufactures, such as arrow heads, hoes and other digging tools, spear heads, chisels, etc., by skilled native craftsmen.3 Deposits closely corresponding to the one reported by Mr.

The intelligent inquirer cannot fail to be rewarded for any time he may devote to a consideration of the condition and relative status of the aborigines, north of the Gulf of Mexico, not only as studied from existing native tribes, or from those known since the discovery of America in 1492, but in so far as we can determine their earlier condition with the aid of archaeological evidence.

It cannot admit of question that the compass of American archaeology,—including that of the semi-civilised and lettered races of Central and Southern America,—is greatly circumscribed in comparison with that of Europe.

From the northern, frontiers of Canada the explorer may travel through widely diversified regions till he reach the canons of Mexico and the ruined cities of Central America ; and all that he finds of race and art, of language or native tradition, is in contrast to the diversities of the European record of manifold successions of races and of arts.

The comparative isolation of Central America, and the character of its climate and productions, all favoured a more settled life ; with, as genuine results, its architecture, sculpture, metallurgy, hieroglyphics, writing, and all else that gives so novel a character to the memorials of the Central American nations.

Superficial students of the ruins of Mexico and Central America have misinterpreted characteristics pertaining to what may not inaptly be designated instincts common to the human mind in its first efforts at visible expression of its ideas ; and have recognised in them fancied analogies with ancient Egyptian art, or with the mythology and astronomical science of the East.

The number of languages spoken throughout the whole of North and South America has been estimated to considerably exceed twelve hundred ; and on the northern continent alone, more than five hundred distinct languages are spoken, which admit of classification among seventy-five ethnical groups, each with essential linguistic distinctions, pointing to its own parent stock.

D'Orbigny, when referring to the general result of this intermingling of races says : "Among the nations in America the product is always superior to the two types that are mixed." Henry, a traveller of the last century, who spent six years among the North American Indians, notes the confirmatory assurance given to him by a Cristineaux chief, that " the children borne

In Mexico and in the more civilised portions of South America the half-breeds are estimated to constitute fully one-fifth of the whole population, while the so - called " coloured people," the descendants of European and African parentage, now number not less than fifteen millions throughout the mainland and the Islands of North and South America.

Throughout the northern, southern, and western states of America, on the Pacific slope, and in Canada, the growth of a mixed race of White and Indian blood has everywhere taken place in the first period of settlement, when the frontier backwoodsman and the hunter were brought into contact with the native tribes.

Assuredly the status of the Allophylian races of Europe can scarcely have been inferior to that of some, at least, of the aborigines of America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

The first known discovery of any flint implement in the quaternary gravels of Europe is the one already noted which stands recorded in the Sloane catalogue as "A British weapon found, with elephant's tooth, opposite to black Mary's, near Grayes Inn Lane." A just conception of the comprehensiveness even of historical antiquity was long retarded in Europe by an exclusive devotion to classical studies ; but the relations of America to the Old World are so recent, and all else is so nearly a blank, that for it the fifteenth century is the historic dawn, and everything dating before the landing of Columbus has been habitually assigned to the same vague antiquity.

Hence historical research has been occupied for the most part on very modern remains, and the supreme triumph long aimed at has been to associate the hieroglyphics of Central America, and the architectural monuments of Peru, with those of Egypt.

America was indeed little behind Europe in the earlier stages of cavern research.

The relations now established between the earliest traces of European man and the geological aspects of the great Drift formation, have naturally led to the diligent examination of corresponding deposits of the continent of America, in the hope of recovering similar traces there.

The form of these crania, moreover, proves that the general type of races inhabiting America at that inconceivably remote era was the same which prevailed at the Columbian discovery ; " 1 and so the authors of Types of Mankind arrived at the conclusion that with such evidence of the native American type having occupied the continent in geological times, before the formation of the Mississippi alluvia, science may spare itself the trouble of looking elsewhere for the origin of the American race !

But it has to be kept in view that the indigenous tribes of America have scarcely even now abandoned the manufacture of implements of obsidian, flint, and stone, or of bone and ivory.

In discussing the plausible hypothesis which thus aims at recovering in the hyperboreans of America the race that before the close of Europe's Pleistocene age, hunted the mammoth, the musk-sheep, and the reindeer in the valleys of the Garonne, Professor Dawkins reviewed the manners and habits of the Eskimo as a race of hunters, fishers, and fowlers, accumulating round their dwellings vast refuse heaps similar to those of the ancient cave-men.

In 1841 he visited America, and then estimated with cautious conservatism some of the evidences adduced for the assumed antiquity of American man.

Nothing can well be conceived of more artless than some of the stone implements still in use among savage tribes of America.

So far, therefore, as unskilled art and the mere rudeness of workmanship are concerned, it might be assumed that the aborigines of America are thus presented to our study in their most primitive stage.

America during the Palaeolithic Period of the Stone Age," by Mr.

North America has indeed a Copper age of its own very markedly defined ; for the shores and islands of Lake Superior are rich in pure native copper, available for industrial resources without even the most rudimentary knowledge of metallurgic arts.

But the tools and personal ornaments fashioned out of this more workable material are little, if at all, in advance of the implements of stone ; and, with this exception, the primitive industry of North America manifests wondrously slight traces of progression through all the ages now assigned to man's presence on the continent.

Abbott's own volume, entitled Primitive, Industry : or Illustrations of theHandiwork in Stone, Bone, and Clay of the native Races of the Northern Atlantic Seaboard of America.

The further back we date the presence of man in America, the more marvellous must his unprogressive condition appear.

The civilisation of Central and Southern America is a wholly distinct thing ; and, as I think, not without some suggestive traces of Asiatic origin ; but the attempts to connect it with that of ancient Egypt, suggested mainly by the hieroglyphic sculpturing on their columns and temples, find their confutation themomentwe attempt to compare the Egyptiancalendar with that either of Mexico or Peru.

Traces of worship of the sun, the earliest of all forms of natural religion, have undoubtedly been recovered among widely scattered tribes of Worth America ; but there is no evidence that it was accompanied with any definite mensuration of the solar year, or the construction of a calendar.

It was otherwise on the southern continent, and among the civilised nations of Central America.

The whole evidence supplied by Northern archaeology proves that in so far as it had any civilisation of foreign origin, it must have been derived from the South, where alike in Central and in Southern America, diverse races, and a native civilisation replete with elements of progress, have left behind them many enduring memorials of skill and ingenuity.

Midway between North America with its unredeemed barbarism, and the southern seats of a native American civilisation, Mexico represents, as I believe, the first contact of the latter with the former.

The condition of the nations of North America at the period of its discovery, at the close of the fifteenth century, may be described as one of unstable equilibrium ; and nothing in its archaeological records points to an older period of any prolonged duration of settled progress.

All that we know or can surmise of the nations of North America, presents a total contrast to this.

All that we know of them only serves to illustrate a condition of life such as may have sufficed through countless generations to perpetuate the barbarism which everywhere reveals itself in the traces of man throughout the northern continent of America.

Not only nations perished, but a singularly interesting phase of native civilisation was abruptly arrested in Mexico, Central America, and Peru.

Charles Eau, in his Ancient Aboriginal Trade in North America, says : " Although the fire on the hearths or altars now enclosed by the sacrificial mounds was sometimes sufficiently strong to melt the deposited copper articles, it does not seem that this proceeding induced the ancient inhabitants to avail themselves of fire in working copper; they persisted in the tedious practice of hammering.

Nevertheless, while the capacity for imitative art is neither peculiar to the New World, nor characteristic of all its diverse nationalities, it appears to be more generally diffused among the races of America than elsewhere.

It is prevalent among tribes in nearly every condition, from the rude Indian nomad, or the Eskimo, to the semi-civilised Zuni, and the skilled metallurgists and architects of Central America and Peru.

In many respects it seems as though the present condition of some existing races of America only repeats that of Europe's infancy.

There, the aggressive races of the North first came in contact with the civilisation of Central America ; and the native aptitude for imitative representation received a fresh impulse.

It is no less suggestive to note, alike in the Chimpseyan and in the Tawatin and Haidah carvings, curious analogies to the sculptures of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America.

This is specially noticeable among the Haidahs, in the different dialects of whose language we find not only names for nearly all the primary colours, but also the word kigunijago, " a picture." The symbolical and mythological significance of many of their carvings is indisputable ; while the affinities, traceable at times to the ornamentation most characteristic of the architectural remains in the principal seats of native American civilisation in Central America, confer on them a peculiar interest and value.

The evidence of artistic ability in the native races both of Central and Southern America is abundant ; nor is the northern continent lacking in its specially artistic race.

But North America has its own ancient artistic race, which, though claiming no such antiquity as that of Aquitaine, is, in the primary sense of the term, essentially prehistoric.

But, as a rule, even among the civilised Mexicans, imitations of the human face and figure seldom passed beyond the grotesque ; and although the sculptors of Central America and Yucatan manifested an artistic power which accords with the civilisation of a lettered people, yet, in the majority of their statues and reliefs, the human form and features are subordinated to the symbolism of their mythology, or to mere decorative requirements.

But the pottery and terracottas which abound on the sites of Indian villages in North America everywhere exhibit traces of imitative art, in the efforts at modelling the human form, and the more or less successful reproduction of familiar natural objects.

But throughout Mexico, Central America, and the Isthmus, the modeller in clay appears to have revelled in feats of skill.

The same exuberant sportiveness of the imitative faculty, so characteristic of the races of the New World, reappears in productions of the native metallurgists of Mexico and Central America.

He brought back with him a valuable collection of studies of the different races in British North America ; and, by means of the jargon, he learned in a short time to converse without difficulty with the chiefs of most of the tribes around Fort Vancouver.

But, at the same time, it should be re-membered that, in accordance with the zoological character of the whole realm, this race is divided into an infinite number of small tribes, presenting more or less difference one from another." It was natural and reasonable that the men of the sixteenth century should believe in Calibans, or Ewaipanoma, " the Anthropophagi, and men whose heads do grow beneath their shoulders." America was to them, in the most literal sense, another world ; and it was easier for them to think of it as peopled with such monstrosities than with human beings like ourselves.

Professor Huxley in an address to the Ethnological Society in 1869, suggests hypothetically, that the old Mexican and South American races represent the true American stock ; and that the Red Indians of North America may be the product of an intermixture of the indigenous native race with the Eskimo.

He remarks in his preface to his American Researches, that, " except those which border the polar circle, the nations of America form a single race characterised by the formation of the skull, the colour of the skin, the extreme thinness of the beard, and the straight glossy hair." Some of the characteristics thus noted are undoubtedly widely prevalent; but the head-form, or " formation of the skull," is the most important ; and a careful comparison of the skulls of different tribes has long since modified the opinion, expressed by the great traveller and reasserted by distinguished American ethnologists.

In reviewing the history of this indigenous stock, with the suggestions prompted by their peculiar characteristics, it is desirable not only to note the physical geography of the country which they occupied, as a region of forest and lakes, but, still more, to keep in view this fact as a predominant characteristic of the continent, and as one important factor in the evolution of whatever may seem to be peculiar in the forest tribes of North America.

Throughout the whole historic period, as doubtless in prehistoric times, the great chain of mountains reaching from the western spur of the Pyrenees to the Balkans has influenced European progress ; while the chief navigable river, the Danube, traversing the 1 The Jesuits in North America, p.

In all its most important geographical features, the northern continent of America presents a striking contrast to this.

As a whole, the continent of North America, eastward from the Eocky Mountains, may be described as a level area, so slightly modified by any elevated regions throughout its whole extent, from the Arctic circle to the Gulf of Mexico, as to present no other impediment except its forests to the wanderings of nomadic tribes.

As to " the fanciful tale of a supernatural origin from the heart of a mountain," it is simply a literal rendering of the old Greek metaphor of the autochthones, or 1 The Indian Races ofNorth and South America, p.

Major Powell, the chief of the Ethnographical Bureau at Washington, recognises eighty groups of languages in North America, between which no affinity is thus far apparent.

to America the germs of its long indigenous stock, we look in vain for any traces of their Old World civilisation north of the Mexican Gulf.

Nor is it by any means an established truth that the arts of Central America or Peru are of any very great antiquity.

In Central America especially, the aggregation of numerous ill-lighted little chambers, like honey-comb cells excavated out of the huge pile, is strongly suggestive of affinity to the Casas Grandes, and the Pueblos of the Zuni ; and this is confirmed by the correspondence traceable between many of their architectural details and the ornamentation of the Pueblo pottery.

Morton specially notes its approximation to the European mean.3 But the assumption of uniformity in the ethnical characteristics of the various races of North and South America is untenable.

Francis Parkman, who has thrown so fascinating an interest over the story of their share in the long-protracted struggle of the Erench and English colonists of North America, says of them : "Among all the barbarous nations of the continent the Iroquois stand paramount.

He is perhaps an example of the highest elevation which man can reach without emerging from his primitive condition of the hunter." Yet with this high estimate of the race as pre-eminent among Eed Indian nations, he adds : " That the Iroquois, left under their institutions to work out their destiny undisturbed, would ever have developed a civilisation of their own, I do not believe." 1 They had not, in truth, taken the first step in such a direc- 1 The Jesuits in North America, p.

In all the accounts of the Iroquois their league is noted as distinguishing them from the Algonkins and other ruder tribes of North America.

" Nothing," says Max Miiller, " surprised the Jesuit missionaries so much as the immense number of languages spoken by the natives of America.

But this, far from being a proof of a high state of civilisation, rather showed that the various races of America had never submitted for any length of time to a powerful political concentration.

It thus appears probable that in remote centuries, before the discovery of America by European voyagers, the region extending westward from the Labrador coast to Lake Ontario, if not, indeed, to Lake Huron, had been in occupation by those who claimed to be autochthones, and who were known and feared far beyond their own frontiers.

The latter relics reveal no more than had long been familiar in the remains which abound within the area of the Iroquois confederacy, and elsewhere throughout the eastern states of North America.

But notwithstanding the general correspondence in arts, habits, and conditions of life, among the forest and prairie tribes of North America, their distinctive classification into various dolichocephalic and brachycephalic types points to diversity of origin and a miagling of several races.

2 The Jesuits in North America, p.

and his successors to establish in North America such a supremacy as Charles V.

The Gift of Her Majesty, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, and of her Plantations in North America, Queen : to her Indian Chappel of the Mohawks." The date has a special interest in evidence of the transforming influences already at work ; for it was not till three years later that the Tuscaroras were received into the confederation, and the Iroquois became known by their later appellation as the Six Nation Indians.

A comparison of the numerals of cognate languages and dialects is always instructive ; and with the growing disposition of American philologists to turn to the Basques, as the only prehistoric race of Europe that has perpetuated the language of an Allophylian stock with possible analogies to the native languages of America, their numerals may be placed alongside of those of the Huron-Iroquois.

With the growing tendency to turn to the prehistoric Iberians of Europe for one possible key to the origin of the races and languages of America, it is well to keep this test in view for comparison with the widely varying native numerals.

This is much more strongly manifested in other American races in all stages of progress, from the ingenious Haidahs and Tawatins of British Columbia, and the Pueblo Indians of Arizona, to the semi-civilised nations of Mexico and the lettered races of Central and Southern America.

The barrier of an old-settled and well-organised community, which, probably for centuries, had kept America's northern barbarians in check, was removed, and the fierce Huron-Iroquois ranged at will over the eastern regions of the continent, far southward of the North Carolina river-valleys, where the Nottoways and Tuscaroras found a new home.

HYBEIDITT AND HEEEDITY Four centuries have now completed their course since the discovery of America revealed to Europe an indigenous people, distinct in many respects from all the races of the Old World.

There, as in the older historic areas, man is indeed seen in various stages : from the rudest condition of savage life, without any knowledge of metallurgy, and subsisting solely by the chase, to the comparatively civilised nations of Mexico, Central America, and Peru, familiar with some of the most important arts, skilled in agriculture, and with a system of writing embodying the essential germs of intellectual progress.

Noticeable as are the diversities of national type in Europe, the range of variation is trifling when compared with the conditions under which the White, Red, and Black races have met and intermingled in the West Indies and in North and South America.

There is seen the Portuguese in Brazil; the Spaniard in Peru, Mexico, Central America, and in Cuba ; the African in the West Indies and the Southern States ; the Chinese on the Pacific ; the Frenchman on the St.

In 1715 there were 58,000 negroes in British America ; in 1775, when the revolution broke out, there were 501,102.

1 Vide History of the Negro Race in America.

3 I2 HYBRIDITY AND HEREDITY Various causes have tended to beget more friendly relations between the older colonists of New France, and at a later date between those of British America and the native Indian race, than have existed either in Spanish America or the United States.

The late Paul Kane, author of Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America, informed me that when travelling beyond the Rocky Mountains he found no difficulty in transmitting his correspondence home, even when among the rudest Flathead savages.

Seeing, then, that the meeting of two types of humanity so essentially distinct as the European and the native Indian of America, has, for upwards of three centuries, led to the production of a hybrid race, it becomes an interesting question, What has been the ultimate result ?

Eully to appreciate this, it is necessary to retrace the course of events by which America has been transferred to the descendants of European colonists.

Charles Horetskey, in his Canada on the Pacific, after remarking on the well-known fact that Japanese junks have been known to drift on to the Pacific coast of America, and so contribute new elements of Mongolian character to the native population, thus proceeds to notice another element of hybridity.

Another intrusive element, that of the Asiatic Mongol, has awakened alarm for the possible future of the white race of settlers, both in America and in Australia.

It is the intrusion of a type approximating to the American Mongol, and so has a special interest in its bearing on the ethnology of the continent; for here we see the approximate types of Asia and America brought into contact, it may be as descendants of a common stock, separated through unnumbered centuries by untraversed oceans.

This rise of an independent half-breed tribe is one of the most remarkable results of the great, though undesigned, ethnological experiment which has been in progress ever since the meeting of the diverse races of the Old and New World on the continent of America ; and when the peculiar circumstances which favoured this result came to an end, it became a matter of great interest to note the most striking phases presented by it, before they are effaced by the influx of European emigration.

mingling the blood of Europe and America, and raising up a civilised race peculiar to its soil.

Still more, their ethnical characteristics have been perpetuated by the very same process as may now be seen in progress in the frontier states of America and the newest provinces of the Canadian Dominion.

The permanent survival of a disparate type in America perpetuating the evidences of the interblending of the Eed and White races may be doubted.

Morton gave currency, of the existence of one special type of skull-form common to the whole aborigines of America, has been abandoned by all who have given any attention to the evidence which Dr.

On the continent of America the native ethnical scale embraces a comparatively narrow range, and any intrusive elements are sufficiently

One hundred and fifty-two Peruvian skulls give 101 cubic inches for the largest internal capacity, 58 for the smallest, and 75*3 for the average of all." The results which Professor Jeffreys Wyman arrived at from a careful comparative measurement of the Squier collection, were confirmed by his subsequent study of that of Professor Agassiz, and may be quoted as applying to both ; for he sums up his later investigations with the remark : " These results agree with all previous conclusions with regard to the diminutive size of the ancient Peruvian brain." 2 Of the Squier collection he says : " The average capacity of the fifty-six crania measured agrees very closely with that indicated by Morton and Meigs, namely, 1230 centimetres, or 75 cubic inches, which is considerably less than that of the barbarous tribes of America, and almost exactly that of the Australians and Hottentots as given by Morton and Meigs, and smaller than that derived from a larger number of measurements by Davis.

A., 188 Grsenlendingathattr, 62 Grand river reserves, 306, 314, 316 Grapes, wild, of North America, 48, 53, 60, 62 Grave Creek Stone, 214 Grave mounds, 116 Grave-posts, pictured, 35 Graves, flint implements in, 95, 96 Greenland, 41, 43, 53, 60, 63, 65 Greenwell, Rev.

Pre-Columbian America, Copenhagen volume on, 43, 131 ; intercourse between Europe and America, 7 Prescott, 285 Prestwich, Professor, 162

Regis, 306 Saline River, 108 Salmon River, 54, 115 San Esteban, convent of, 73 Sankey, Dr., 343 Saulteux, 328 Savannahs, 274 Schaaffhausen, Professor, 354 Schiller, 375, 376 Schliemann, Dr., 136 Schmerling, Dr., 359 Schumacher, Paul, 112 Scioto-mound skull, 273 Scott, Sir Walter, brain of, 355, 368, 374 Sculptured figures, 23 ; monuments of Mexico, Central America, and Peru, Seal hunting, 65 Sea-rovers, literary memorials of, 11 Selkirk, Lord, 328 Sellers, G.

The findings are in Researches into the Lost Histories of America.

RESEARCHES INTO THE LOST HISTORIES OF AMERICA;

OB THE ZODIAC SHOWN TO BE AN OLD TERRESTRIAL MAP IN WHICH THE ATLANTIC ISLE IS DELINEATED; so THAT LIGHT CAN BE THROWN UPON THE OBSCURE HISTORIES OF THE EARTHWORKS AND RUINED CITEES OF AMERICA.

THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO THE INTERNATIONAL AMERICANISTS WHO HAVE LATELY HELD THEIR FIFTH BIENNIAL CONGRESS AT COPENHAGEN, AS CONTAINING MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY & DEVELOPMENT OF THE MYSTERIOUS HISTORIES OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA, IN THE ASSURANCE THAT THEIR DISCOVERY WOULD RECTIFY THOSE OF EUROPE AND THE WORLD.

America is distinctly delineated in one of the oldest maps o extant .

The Zodiacs are terrestrial maps of the Mythic ages, by which it is seen that America formed a part of the known world at that time, and that it was set in the Stars .

Evidence that America was known to the Ancients in all parts of the world .

In the Greek Traditionary Histories, America appears as Oceanus, and it is peopled by Gods, Giants, Nereids, Furies, Gorgons, Faunes, and Demons .

A general view of the figures which are employed to delineate North America in the two Zodiacal maps, and the inferences which are to be deduced from them .

The World is full of Traditions of Maritime Settlements, which, in the light of the Zodiacal Maps, must be located in America .

The Geography of Ancient America and its Asiatic Settle- ments lie concealed in the Icelandic and Scandinavian mythology .

The History of the Atlantic Isle, by Diodorus Siculus, and the Cosmogony of Sanconiathon, are the Histories of those Asiatic Colonies in America, referred to in the last chapters .

Prehistoric America elucidated by the details of the Atlantis and the Phoenician Cosmogony ..

The vast Earthworks scattered over the Northern parts of North America, must have constituted an Empire, which in the History of the Atlantic Isle is referred to Saturn, or Cronus, as its Emperor .

The Earthworks which are found in the Southern States of North America, must have been inhabited by races, whose traditions shew a close relationship with Europe and Phoenicia , .

The mysterious ruins and hidden histories of Central America, studied by means of the Sagitarius and other Signs as Zodiacal Portraiture of the Country ..

The description of the Central Part of the Atlantic Isle, by Plato, in Critias, compared with the modern account of Central America .

The Bassos relievos, sculpture, and graved stones, found in the ruined cities of Central America, compared with the mytho- logical monuments and designs of the Old Continent .

The Evacuation of the Cities of Central America, and the flight of the Gods .

General View of the Figures of the Zodiacs which serve as delineation of South America .

South America as the land of Demons .

26 FASHIONS OF PRE-HISTORIC AMERICA 55 OCEANUS ON THE SEA MONSTER .

70 PART OF PTOLEMAIC ZODIAC AS A MAP OF NORTH AMERICA IN THE MYTHIC AGES 72 PART OF COPTIC ZODIAC AS A MAP OF NORTH AMERICA IN THE MYTHIC AGES ........

194 MAP OF CENTRAL AMERICA .

242 PART OF THE PTOLEMAIC ZODIAC AS A MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA IN THE MYTHIC AGES 248 PART OF THE COPTIC ZODIAC AS A MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA IN THE MYTHIC AGES .......

AMERICA is a great country.

Justly proud of its enormous advantages in natural features, and confident in the skill and enterprise of its population, America looks forward in the great future, near and distant, to histories that must materially affect the peace and happiness of the whole world.

Its annals, in the books and universities of all European nations, are supposed to date from what is called the discovery of America, by Columbus.

No obscure and insignificant island in the vast Ocean of Polynesia is more completely hidden in the remote annals of the vast past of the world's being, than the great double continent of America.

In books on ancient history America has no chapter: in the discussions of Archaeologists concerning the ruined cities of the world, America is not mentioned.

In any estimate of the mysterious movements recorded in the Bible concerning the great dispersion, America and its people have no place.

Ancient America is a nonentity an hiatus a vast terra incognita, in the Geography of the Old World.

Any allusion to it, as having COD* jtion with the vast continent of America, would expose a wr *n contempt.

It is not difficult to account for the obliteration of Ancient America, from the annals of the Earth.

Yet it is exceedingly unreasonable to suppose, that the vast region of America could be destitute of histories earlier than Columbus.

On the score of probability, it must be concluded, that so great a country as North and South America, must have been a

The ruined cities of Mexico and Central America, and the earthworks of the United States, show that some race or races, have left their homes and migrated into other lands.

4 THE LOST HISTOEIES OF AMERICA.

In these fresh discoveries, Uxmal in Yucatan attracts to itself the most attention, as being the Pompeii of America.

But it is not in the power of ruins and stones to remove the great veil of mystery which shrouds the antique histories of America, even should these fresh discoveries and labours bring to light the reading of the Hieroglyphics that adorn the remains.

It is greatly to be hoped, that the present explorations will be pushed to their utmost limits, and that the land may be made to disclose more of those subterraneous cities, which not only America but the whole earth may reasonably be supposed to possess beneath its crust.

The true and only way, in which the origin and histories of the earthworks and ruins of America can be discovered, is to search into the writings of the ancient European and Asiatic authors.

Those writings are in themselves mysterious; but their incomprehensibility arises from the circumstance that a very large part of them belong, not to the Old Continent, but to America.

America is the underground world of the Ancients.

There is no lack of materials for the development of the Geography and history of Antediluvian America; but they lie scattered in the fragmentary traditions and obscure cosmogonies of other lands.

But the mysteries of America are deeper mysteries than those of the Nile valley and the subterranean palaces of the Euphrates.

America is concealed, and its histories are behind the curtain.

Such maps have no America.

The earliest English map, attributed to the 10th century, is too confused for accurate discrimination : but it is equally free from America.

These maps have America as largely and as well delineated, as the lands of Asia and Europe.

The observant reader will not fail to notice that in this map, America is distinctly delineated.

Beyond the ocean there is another land, which surrounds the ocean; of course, that is America, In a map formed upon the construction of a dish, which is the form in which the maps of Herodotus and others are drawn, the geography is perfectly correct.

It is the Caribbean Sea and the gulf of Mexico, which divide the two great insular continents of North and South America, and which serve as an inlet of approach to both.

But the actual identity of this land with America is seen by the name which is given to it and the character said to inhabit it.

Now Vishnu is said to preside over Swetam dwipa, so that Swetam dwipa must be a part of America.

Under these circumstances, it is plain, that Swetam dwipa and Suvarna are Hindoo names for North and South America.

In a later part of this work, it will be shown, that the blue and water God, Vishnu, is an impersonation of America.

America is distinctly de-lineated in the oldest Hindoo map.

It will be noticed that the land now detected as America, is also termed Mountains of Localoca, The Orientals appear to have supposed, that the earth was surrounded by mountains which are impassable.

The Rocky Mountains in North America, and the Andes in the South, may have given rise to the supposition.

There can be no elucidation of the mysteries that enshroud the hemisphere of America, without the aid of the Sanscrit literature.

THE ZODIACS ARE TERRESTRIAL MAPS OF THE MYTHIC AGES, BY WHICH IT IS SEEN, THAT AMERICA FORMED A PART OF THE KNOWN WORLD, AT THAT TIME, AND THAT IT WAS SET IN THE STARS.

It will readily be admitted, that the map now described, affords but a very poor idea of America.

12 THE LOST HISTOEIES OF AMERICA.

In the present case, the great terra incognita of Ancient America must remain for ever, like the sealed roll of Scripture which no man could open, an enigma, beyond the reach of the human understanding.

The present volume is cast into a form, by which all the countries of America are thrown under the light of

They represent America.

America must have been known to the Ancients.

America is "Set in the Stars." Fortunately for the present enquiry, the Ptolemaic Zodiac is not the only one that the Egyptians have handed down to posterity, drawn in the form of a terrestrial map.

20 THE LOST HISTOEIES OF AMERICA.

In this Zodiac, America is pourtrayed, just as it is in the Ptolemaic, and called for the most part Regio Typhonis and Demonium Static.

In other words, one must look to America for the Atlantides who " knew all the soundings of the deep and had obelisks, on which were drawn the system of heaven and earth," that is to say, Zodiacal maps, descriptive at once both of heaven and earth.

Now, at the present day, it requires very little research to find Atlas, the astronomer, in America.

The Spaniards, in their discovery of America, found Atlas himself, still engaged, at the lapse of thousands of years, on his astronomical studies.

It has been already shown, that among the constellations that adjust themselves to America, are the Serpent and the Serpentarius.

The Serpent overhangs Mexico itself, and the Serpentarius or Ophiuchus delineates the Southern States of North America, as will be seen presently.

These two figures certainly lead to the inference, that the Atlantides, in crossing the Atlantic Ocean and settling in Europe and Egypt, must have brought with them that part of the Ptolemaic and Coptic Zodiacs which belongs to America, even if they were not themselves, the original inventors of the Zodiac.

But the question is no sooner put, than it gets an answer perfectly satisfactory, by a quotation from the Vishnu Purana, where it is said, that "the ancient sage Garga, one of the oldest writers on Astronomy in India, having propitiated Sesha, acquired from him a knowledge of Astronomy and Astrology." Now, it will be shown, in other parts of this work, that the Sesha here mentioned is the seven headed Serpent of Central America and Mexico, the very country of the Aztlans themselves : so that this ancient sage must actually have been to America to learn Astronomy, and have brought with him, on return to India, the identical Mexican Zodiac just given, of which the metaphysical Pran is an imperfect copy.

America is not the only terra incognita of the world.

It is of no use to enter upon an enquiry into the obscurities of the Old Continent, until those of America are examined.

So intimately are the antiquities of the two hemispheres linked together, and so largely have the American races mingled with those of what are called the older countries, that until the great blunder has been corrected, which shuts out America from a participation in the world's ancient affairs, no useful progress can be made, in the rectification of those of the other quarters of the Globe.

This enquiry into the nature and origin of the Zodiac has many important bearings upon the objects of the present volume, in their relation to the discovery of the lost histories of America.

Their subject matter makes it manifest that they comprise the pictorial history of all America.

29 America and not to the old continent.

If the constellations of Egypt and Greece have any sort of identity with those of America, there must have been intercourse between the two hemispheres across the Atlantic Ocean.

In that case, it only requires research, diligence and judgment, to recover and arrange the lost histories of America.

From what has been advanced in the two last chapters, it is evident, that the ancients must, at some time or other, have been acquainted with America.

If Egypt and India received astronomical knowledge from Central America, there must have been maritime intercourse between the two hemispheres.

More of it will be transcribed in the Chapter on Central America.

If so, not only must America have been known to the ancients, but its power must have been felt.

Subsequently, through violent earthquakes and deluges which brought destruction in a single day and night, the whole of your warlike race was merged under the earth, and the Atlantic Island itself was plunged beneath the sea and entirely disappeared ; whence even now, that sea is neither navigable, nor to be traced out, being blocked up by the great depth of mud, which the subsiding Island produced." This quotation proves that the Egyptians knew America as the Atlantic Isle.

This points to the Volcanic regions of Central America and the Andes, where such disasters have occurred in modern times, with melancholy frequency.

But England is just as much a part of America, as it is of France.

While the histories of America are veiled, or supposed to have been lost, those of Africa, Europe, and Asia have been overloaded with what does not belong to them.

No attempt will here be made to identify the Island or Islands with America.

The next quotation, in proof that America was known to the ancients, is the well-known verse in Homer, where the poet says "The utmost bounds of Earth far off I see, " Where Tethys and Ocean boast to be, "The Parents of the Gods." That the Macedonians had intercourse with South America is evident from a passage in the preface of Brasseur de Bourbourg's work, entitled "Histoire des Nations Mexiques:" "At a village of Dolores, near Montevideo, in Brazil, a planter discovered a stone with Greek characters.

37 is America.

Not only do the Hindoos call America the land of darkness, but the classic writers do so likewise.

In the myth of Calypso, she is called "an Oceanide, or one of the daughters of Atlas," already seen to have been located in Central America.

This work has not yet sufficiently advanced, to identify the names; but Homer seems to have availed himself of "the licence of antiquity" as Josephus calls it, or of poetry, his own vocation; for the list comprises a very fair and comprehensive enumeration of the mythic or historical personages, whom a critical enquiry must put in America.

Had it not been for the strange hallucination which appears to have pervaded the minds of men, in relation to the old traditionary stories of the Bards and Muses of history, the story of Ulysses would read as nothing more nor less than a good poetical account of a temporary residence of a Greek warrior, in the land of America.

Under these circumstances, the narrative is a strong evidence, that the Ancients were acquainted with America.

On reaching Steam, his foot touched the ground, and he became withered and old." The following extract from Herbelot's valuable dictionary of Oriental matters, will shew that the Oriental nations were acquainted with America under the name of Mount Caf.

They say that this island is situated beyond Mount Caf, in which it appears, that this ancient tradition of the Orientals, is taken from the Isle Atlantic of Plato, which is no other thing than the continent of America.

It is in this mountain that the Divs and the Giants have been confined, after having been defeated and subjugated by the first heroes or the posterity of Adam, and where the Peri and the Fees make their ordinary abode." It is not difficult to see how America became lost to the Ancients.

On the supposition of a lost navigation, America itself is lost.

Now that the Ptolemaic and Coptic Zodiacs have been shown to be pictorial maps, named and in position, there is no reason at all why they should not be utilized in the present enquiry into the mysterious and concealed histories of ancient America.

41 In the classic literature, America can be detected in the person of Oceamis, the father of the Oceanides, an important race of people who are discoverable in all parts of the old continent.

It is America.

Oceanus is an impersonation of America, But let his myth be read.

42 THE LOST HISTOKIES OF AMERICA.

A careful collation and classification of myths reveal the fact, that the great ancient deities of antiquity belong to the vast empires of Asia, not to America.

This allocation of Oceanus as the America of the old world, is one of the grandest conceptions discoverable in the highly poetical and figurative writings of the Muses.

Such is the poetical imagery and Bardic conception of ancient America !

There is a great temptation to consider her as representative of South America; but it is better to avoid dubious identifications.

If the present theory be correct, the long list of mysterious names, must represent the geography and ethnology of prehistoric America.

He received divine honours after death." It is certainly very remarkable to find these two characters in America !

If so, that is not a bad illustration of the myth of Oceanus, when it is said, that "he was the father of all the Gods." The myths are clearly suggestive of a very high antiquity, and taken as they stand, they lead to the conclusion, that there must have been a very early intercourse between America and the Mediterranean nations.

She heads the Titan race, and in future pages of this work, her husband and her children will be found to embody some of the most important histories of Mexico and Central America.

The Serpent gives portraiture to Mexico: so that Nereus must be located on the west coast of North America, in the lands where are found the great temples and pyramids that indicate the former residence of a race devoted to religion, or, what stands for it, in the minds of semi-civilized people.

She was mother of Typhon, Orthos, Cerberus the Hydra, &c, According to Herodotus, Hercules had three children by her, Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scytha." It is most likely, that the reader who has had patience enough, to read through the description now given of this family, has been smiling at the simplicity of a writer, who could suppose that these personages have any thing to do with the great secret histories of pre-historic America.

47 of general embodiment of the motherhood of the half caste races of pre-historic, or it may be said, antediluvian America ; for such it really is.

It will be found, as the work proceeds, that Typhon, hi the Coptic Zodiac, is a general character, used to delineate the whole of America, North and South.

The Cerberus will be met with in its proper place, at the Eastern and Southern entrance to North America.

The marriage of Hercules with Echidna, to which reference will be made in the chapter on the mound cities of North America, puts Echidna in that region.

In the imagination of the ancients, America must also have been peopled by Giants.

He was no sooner born, than to avenge the death of his brothers, the giants, he made war against heaven, and so frightened were the gods, that they fled away and assumed different shapes." Another strange and wonderful notion which the ancients appear to have entertained concerning the inhabitants of prehistoric America, is contained in the story of the Gorgons.

Euryale is a daughter of Minos, who, in later chapters, will be found in Peru ; so that she must stand for a settlement on the west shores of South America.

Stheno will be located, ultimately, as representative of the Earth-works, scattered over the woods and prairies of North America.

One of them will be found in the Lake of Titicaca, when the story reaches that part of America.

They also are among the inhabitants of antediluvian America.

The next race which can bo detected as belonging to America, in the mythic period, is that of the Faunes.

This well-known tribe of red men, seems to have retained its name, to the present day, or at least, till the discovery of America, when it was spread over the region west of the Mississippi.

formed by naked youths, because Pan is always represented naked, and a goat was sacrificed, because that deity was supposed to have the feet of goats." In view of these myths and practices there cannot be the least doubt that Pan and the Faunes are representatives of the red Indians of North America.

Perhaps the most remarkable mythic description of the North American Indians, which is given in the mythological lexicon, is that of the Furies, the very name of which is graphically expressive of the people whom the first settlers in America, in modern times, found to be the inhabitants of the great forests.

In hell, they were seated round Pluto's throne, as the ministers of his vengeance." If this is not a description of the Eed Indians of North America, it ought to be.

What conceivable histories could be connected with North America, supposed to have been unknown to the Ancients, that the European Gods could spring from North American Indians ?

Then " they surrounded the throne of Pluto and were ministers of his vengeance." What has Pluto to do with North America and the red men of the woods ?

Can it be possible that Pluto is to be found in America ?

If so, here is a further fact by which to open up the concealed histories of this great terra incognita; for there are remarkable traditions concerning Pluto which must have some relation to America.

If this is to be relied upon, all history must be topsy turvy, and the Gods and stemfathers of European races must be sought for in the forests of North America !

America appears also, according to the conceptions of the Ancients, to have been the land of demons.

It will be shown, in after pages, that the Poetical Astronomers and the pictorial map makers have treated the west coast of South America as especially demoniacal.

He will make his appearance, in propria persona, when Central America is reached.

55 Yet, it must not bo supposed, for a moment, that this wonderful collection of people and races of men, should ever have been seen in the fair plains and spacious forests of beautiful America.

FASHIONS OF PRE-HISTORIC AMERICA.

What the fashions were in America, can be seen in the great collection of pictures, which was published under the name of Aglio, and which must be consulted, to a large extent, as illustrations of the present work.

There is one of the Oceanides, by means of whom the geography and river system of ancient America can be traced.

57 Balance for the place of Styx." The Balance is rather an equivocal sign, but it may be placed in the North-West of South America.

The present identification of Oceanus, as a mythic impersonation of America, ought to be proved in every respect.

Schoolcraft gives a tradition of the Iroquois Indians, where the word is used for the native name of America itself.

It has been seen that the Greeks, in their mythic system of ancient Geography, have impersonated America as the marine God, Oceanus.

They have both turned America into a divinity, and have represented him in a like posture, and with the same Serpentine accompaniment.

Both Gods, according to the principle of the present work, locate in America by the presence of the Serpent.

In the Ptolemaic Zodiac, the Snake abounds all over what may be considered North America.

61 what relates to him in America, he is said to have been born between the Cumuda and Anjana Mountains, among waters and in a land of darkness.

But, if any one will take the trouble, he will find that the three characters, now described, represent Asiatic races, which, at some period of high antiquity, have colonized America.

The Hindoos have a long series of traditions which must belong to America.

The legends of the incarnations of Vishnu are used occasionally, and some of them are transcribed in other parts of this work; but it is thought advisable, for the sake of completeness, to give them here as histories connected with America.

There are nine of them, but in some works, the number is extended to above twenty, exhibiting great intercourse between America and India, or extended knowledge of its historical antiquities.

Before the subject advances, it may be necessary to furnish satisfactory evidence, that these incarnations are really connected with America.

This is held to be sufficient evidence of the teaching of the present chapter, and it makes the following curious extracts reliable in relation to America.

This can only be taken to signify, that all the names connected with Vishnu, are either ethnological or geographical as belonging to America, in prehistoric times.

Most of the names, however, can be seen to belong to migrations from America into India itself, and they can be traced by many routes, some direct from the East, some across Europe, and some through Africa.

In the Asiatic researches, there are a great number of extracts from Sanscrit works, which can be used to throw light upon ancient America.

The Gods sent these, portions of their own essences, to be consolidated into the person of Crishna, who was going to be incarnated at Gocala." In the same great work there are many extracts, which disclose the fact, that, in olden times, there must have been intercourse between India and America.

It is a part of the Geography of the Puranas, or a " description of the Earth." After an account of the Patalas, which will be hereafter identified with other parts of North America, the writer proceeds.

It is the Ptolemaic Zodiac which serves to locate them both as the region lying along the west coast of North America.

Turned into historical geography, it shews that Mexico was the most important part of America, in the mythic ages.

As the Hindoo mythology has never been utilized for the elucidation of history, it is not at all unlikely, that the reading public will be slow to believe, that the interesting extracts given in this chapter, can belong to ancient America, and especially to Mexico.

PART OF THE PTOLEMAIC ZODIAC, AS A MAP OF NORTH AMERICA IN THE MYTHIC AGES.

MYTHIC MAPS OF NOETH AMERICA.

73 PART OF THE COPTIC ZODIAC, AS A MAP OF NORTH AMERICA IN THE MYTHIC AGES.

TO DELINEATE NORTH AMERICA, IN THE TWO ZODIACAL MAPS, AND THE INFERENCES WHICH ARE TO BE DEDUCED FROM THEM.

By this means, the Geography of North America is recovered, as it must have been known in the earliest ages, by those who constructed the maps.

These maps will be used in this work, for the purpose of drawing out the hidden histories of North America.

This is a very simple portraiture of North America ; but it is highly significant.

The Copts are the genuine Egyptians ; so that the map must be supposed to comprise the special knowledge which the Egyptians had, of North America.

But the significance of the portraiture is greatly increased, when it is observed that the Isthmus of Central America, is drawn as a figure holding a bow and arrow.

This brings the Copts into Central America as their original home.

All the rest of North America, in this map, is delineated as Typhon; but with no less than three figures.

MYTHIC MAPS OF NORTH AMERICA.

Looking at these figures cursorily, it can scarcely be unnoticed, that the Egyptian idea of North America is associated with the wars of Typhon and Horus.

In its smallest form, it occupies that very curious and interesting portion of the Central American Isthmus, now full of ruins, and containing Uxmal, the Pompeii of America.

Cerberus stands off at the right hand of the map, if not " at the entrance to the divine abode," certainly at the entrance to America, both North and South.

If any expert in mythological pictures should examine the group of figures that compose the present pictorial maps, he is sure to arrive at the conclusion, that North America, in the minds of the ancients, must be what they call "the Soul of the world," or " the Egg of the world," or both.

MYTHIC MAPS OF NORTH AMERICA.

(9.) This Germ became an Egg, brilliant as Gold, in which the Divine being produced himself under the form of Brahma, the grandfather of all beings." Now, let the characters mentioned in these extracts, be compared with the constellated figures which overhang North America, and it will be found that they are the same; and therefore, that North America is the Soul of the world.

This is the constellation that overhangs the Southern States of modern America and the region of the Southern Earthworks.

At first sight, it might be supposed that this Egyptian God has nothing to do with North America; but it is otherwise.

Pan belongs to Central America.

He is the father of the Sagitarius itself, so that he mystically is one of the constellated figures appertaining to North America, and Amon is included in him.

79 them exactly identical with the group of pictorial asterisms, which overhang North America, leaving no manner of doubt, that when the ancient writers locate these deities in the Soul of the world, they do, in fact, attribute their origin, at least so far as they become divinities, to North America.

This is one of innumerable cases, in which America becomes a lamp to mythology, and mythology pays back in kind the light it receives.

On a sharp-witted inspection, it will be found, notwithstanding its concealment, to be a map of America.

The explanation given of this oval is that it is "the Soul of the world." The internal Oval is called "the Egg of the world." Another oval, which answers to Central America, is described by seven small circles, which are called seven planetary powers, to whom the defunct addressed himself, going to each gate, beginning with Adonai.

South America appears to be represented by Spheres for the wicked.

This curious diagram is treated as a map of America, on the following course of reasoning.

In the Ptolemaic Zodiac, the figures, now under consideration, overhang North America.

The present diagram includes a rough delineation of that mythic region: it must therefore be a map of America.

In this diagram the Egg of the world is the internal part of North America, and consequently the domicile of the red men.

The several provinces of Central America are the seven planetary powers, and South America figures

MYTHIC MAPS OF NOETH AMERICA.

82 THE LOST HISTOEIES OF AMERICA.

If the former picture exhibits North America, in its incipient savagery, the present scene shews it to be under the influence of a humanising reformation.

Upon the common teaching of ancient history, it is natural to term the continent of America the new hemisphere, and to treat Asia, Europe, and Africa, as the arena of the earliest races of men, and the rise and consolidation of the oldest Empires.

MENTS, WHICH, IN THE LlGHT OF THE ZODIACAL MAPS, MUST BE LOCATED IN AMERICA.

He was white and clothed in a long white robe, like most of the Aztec Gods." Commenting on these traditions, it may be observed, that they distinctly prove, that the natives, in many parts of America, North and South, considered themselves to have had among them foreigners, white men from beyond the Pacific Ocean.

The enumeration of the traditions found among the Asiatic, African, and European nations, which must be associated with an early colonization of America, may naturally begin with Japan.

Japan is not only a maritime country, but it lies opposite the western coast of North America.

It might not be easy to see the meaning of that act; but, in the light of the last chapter, where North America has been shown to be the Egg of the world, it becomes quite manifest that the ripping up of the Egg, must be taken to mean the discovery and colonization of that land.

The navigation must have been to America, because there are demons at the other end of the rope.

In the Coptic map, the Regnum demonium is the designation of the western shores of South America.

It has been already shown, that Vishnu is the Oceanus of Antiquity, and embodies the Indian conception of America.

In the Kurma Avatara of Vishnu, " the Gods and the demons (the vast serpent Vasuky serving as a rope), churn the Ocean, to recover the Amrita or beverage of Immortality." Putting these circumstances together, the conclusion is inevitable, that both Japan and India have traditions of a navigation of the Pacific Ocean, in which the Asiatic nations and the natives of America

That reptile is the constellation which pourtrays the western shores of North America; so that the settlement formed by the navigation, must have been in that spot.

"The Phantasmagoria," he says, "delineated on the vases, represent the histories of the Chinese in all lands." As to Proserpine, Dupuis in his Treatise on the origin of the constellations, has the following remarks on the figure of the Crown, the sign which with the Serpent pourtrays the west coast of America.

Coree is the name of the Crown of Ariadne, wife of Bacchus." There can be no doubt whatever, that the traditions concerning Proserpine, belong to America, for an extract has already been given, from the well known fragment of Marcellus.

belonging not to the Mediterranean Sea, but to the great Asiatic nations of antiquity, and embodies in itself national movements, by which the western shores of .North and South America were colonized, in high antiquity, by Chinese and Mongolidan races.

The hypothesis that Pre or Proserpine is indicative of a Chinese colonization of the west shores of America, is sustained by a reference to the old Hindoo map of the world, given in the second chapter of this volume, page 8.

Supposing the Chinese to have colonized America, in the name of Pre, it makes Proserpine to be a daughter of Ceres, a daughter colony from a motherland.

The Egyptians, in addition to the navigation of Phre, have a large number of pictures, which represent the Asiatic races, in their descent to what must now be called America.

Further research will reveal the country of Tiphe, as the Copts have in their Zodiacal map given the name of Typhon to both North and South America.

Thus the scene is plainly indicative of an Asiatic colonization of America.

The same navigation to America, is apparent in the Deluge tablet, unearthed from the subterranean palace of Assyria.

Later studies will shew, that this ship went to South America.

But the subject can be better understood, in connection with Asia, than with America.

There are other traditions, which shew that the Asiatic races have colonized America, in ages past ; but this enumeration of them is held sufficient to establish the fact itself.

The settlements which must have been formed in prehistoric America, in connection with the navigation described in the last chapter, are best elucidated by Scandinavian Sagas.

Before, therefore, the histories of America which have been transmitted by classical authors are introduced, it is necessary to study the Northern legends.

Instead of being limited to Iceland and Sweden, it contains in it an allusion to America.

America figures in the Prose Edda, as the land of the Giants.

He and his companions "proceeded Eastward, on the road to Jotunheim, until they came to the shores of a vast and deep sea, which having passed over, they penetrated into a strange country." This must have been America, because there is no other great and deep Sea, eastward of Scandinavia and Russia than the Pacific.

It is in the tradition called the " Origin of the Hrimthursar, or frost giants, that North America is described.

Now, it will be shown, in the chapter on the Mound cities, that Ymir, the Giant, is Hercules in an earlier form; so that Ginnungagap must be the name, by which North America was known to the ancient Icelanders.

From this it may be gathered that the Rime giants were Greenlanders or Esquimaux, or races in the high North of America who had crossed the Atlantic at an early period and formed an element in the Icelandic and Norwegian population.

"But the southern part of Ginnungagap was lighted by the sparks and flakes that flew into it, from Muspellheim." There is nothing said, that serves to locate Muspellheim; but the description of it is sufficient to shew, that while Niflheim is intended for the northern part of the region, at present constituting the United States of America, Muspellheim completes the geography as forming the Southern part of the same great country.

The wolf Fenrir was bred up among the Gods, but Tyr alone had the daring to go and feed him." It is quite safe to treat this tradition as a deluding story, which contains in it great histories, which must have taken place in times of high antiquity, by which America was colonized by Asiatic races; and the three children of Loki represent three great centres of colonization in that land.

The first delineates Mexico, say, the western shores of America, and the wolf pourtrays the upper waters of the Amazon call it for want of a better name, Peru.

It has already been observed that Loki must have gone to America, as he passed over a wide Ocean in the East.

This fitly introduces the history of America, and it will be worked out, not by writers of myths, but by real historians, of Sicily and Phosnicia.

THE HISTORY OF THE ATLANTIC ISLE, BY DIODORUS SICULUS, AND THE COSMOGONY OF SANCONIATHON, ARE THE HISTORIES OF THOSE ASIATIC COLONIES IN AMERICA, REFERRED TO IN THE LAST CHAPTERS.

The course of enquiry has disclosed the fact, that America is depicted in ancient maps.

But for the theory of the Sunken Isle, this document must have been always taken for the history of America.

The parts which belong to America are uncomfortably mingled with what appertains to the old continent.

Here is a history of America.

When applied to America, one of the largest and most beautiful parts of the habitable globe, it opens up one of the noblest and grandest chapters in human history.

These things the Cabiri the seven sons of Sydyc and their eighth brother Asclepius, first of all, set down in the records, in obedience to the command of the God Taautes." This cosmogony, like the story of the Atlantis, is manifestly a history of America.

The race must have come from America.

T^ is now time to introduce the several constellated figures, which ^^mpose the ancient mystic or pictorial maps of America, at page 7%, nd to try to educe from them, the secret histories that belong to "jhe separate settlements described in the tradition of Loki and his progeny.

It is equally easy to see to what part of the habitable globe they went; inasmuch as they were turned into the crown, a constellation which delineates the north-west shores of America.

In other words, the inhabitants of the Orient must have joined in the general colonization of America, which has been already traced.

The sign of the Crown is a sort of clue by which to trace the prehistoric histories of America.

His daughters make a settlement in America, and they call it by the same name as their old country, just as in modern times, the English settled in Connecticut and the neighbouring States, and called it New England.

It would not be very wrong to call this, the Antediluvian period of Prehistoric America, but that term does not go deep enough into the vast antiquity of the human race.

There is reason to think, that the very early form of Prehistoric America, comprised in the opening passages of the Cosmogony of Sanconiathon, appertains to the woods and forests of the red men.

Atlas has the centre of the Atlantic Isle; so that this portion of the colonists must have gone to Central America.

That this was so, is presumable from the statement, that " all the Gods were astonished at his disposition," Under these circumstances, it is hardly conjectural to conclude that he and his followers must have crossed the Rocky mountains, and descended into the great prairies and forests of the vast region that now forms the United States of America.

This teaching is strongly confirmed, from the remarkable circumstance mentioned, that " he surrounded his habitation with a wall." It would certainly be difficult to find the solution of that mysterious statement, simply from the cosmogony itself; but when the tracing of these myths, with the assistance or rather compulsory leadings of the Zodiac, carries Cronus into the land of the mound cities of America, it can scarcely be doubted, that Cronus must be credited with the erection of those vast earthworks.

118 THE LOST HISTOKIES OF AMERICA.

The other thing, that gives countenance to the present theory, that the Earthworks of North America are attributable to Cronus, is, that the Latins have no Cronus.

119 America must have been peopled.

As the Crown is contiguous to the Serpent, but more northerly, Hyperion must be placed along the west coast of North America.

Mexico is lost sight of, and the story introduces the mysterious histories of the mound cities in the North, and of Central America on the South.

120 THE LOST HISTOEIES OP AMERICA.

The story then proceeds to people Central America proper.

It is not necessary to pursue this history at any length, here, as it will come up again in the study of Central America.

This ultimate settlement of the Uranian or Aztlan race in Central America, is delineated in the Ptolemaic Zodiac by the Austral Crown, which appears to pourtray Quiche and Yucatan.

There is no part of the Greek mythology more important and less ambiguous than that family ; so that it is possible to make a fair comparison between the descendants of Titan and the known inhabitants of Mexico and Central America.

If, therefore, it should be found, that the actual Ethnology of America agrees with the Pedigree of Titan, the identity will be established irrefragably.

This has to be compared with the actual Ethnology of Mexico and Central America, and the statements of travellers, R

Dropping down the Pedigree, it will be seen that the son of Titan is Japetus; so that there ought to be some race in jVJexico and Central America, that answers to that personage.

In another chapter, Atalaa, in the mountains of Quiche, will appear to have been the central location of the kingdom of Atlas, and the name will be found stamped upon the nomenclature and race of the region, in Central America proper ; appearing to justify the language of Sicilian mythology, which makes Atlas to occupy the centre of the Isle.

There can be little doubt, that these Atlantides, of whom Maia is one, represent seven provinces in Central America.

Prometheus, in this Cosmogony, has a son, by name Deucalion, and he ought, also, to be among the races that inhabited the western shores of America : for, although he is a navigator and visits other quarters of the globe ; yet the harbour from which he sails must have been in the land of the Titans.

This personage, unfortunately, has no myth, with that spelling; and he does not appear to be connected with Mexico and Central America either by tradition or Ethnology.

In the later parts of this work he will be found located in Peru; so that one has to look to South America, for the Ethnology of Minoetius.

On the whole, it would be very difficult to deny, that the pedigree of Titan, compared with the real Ethnology of Mexico and Central America, exhibits a very close resemblance.

It is sufficiently close, to create the theory, that the myths of the Greeks concerning the family of Titan, are really derived from the real histories of this part of America.

The mingling of the blood of Asiatic races with those of Western America, created the dragon, or at least, entered into its constitution.

The complement of the classic line will receive its elucidation, when the subject passes from Central America.

The constellations which, in this work, are localized over America, compose about that proportion of the whole starry heaven.

America, itself, is about one-third of the terrestrial globe.

The sun race of Asia, in settling upon the western shores of America, in a

The extracts also shew that the Typhonian and dragon race in Mexico must have spread itself into South America, and conquered the upper waters of the Amazon.

It has been already pointed out, that the name of Ion or Eon is used extensively in old literature, for America in general.

But the real histories of the Central Empires of the Orient need illumination almost as much as those of America itself.

But the parentage of Cacus reveals the particular spot in America, whence they came.

142 THE LOST HISTOKIES OF AMERICA.

This change of nature, reduced to history, simply means that the Japanese made a settlement on the west coast of America.

That has virtually been done in a former chapter, where the Ethnology of Mexico and Central America was put into juxta-position with the Greek pedigree of Titan.

at all, it educes many important points in the long lost histories of the west coast of North America.

It would take a volume to trace the influences of America upon the old continent.

It follows, therefore, that the myth belongs to the histories of the settlement in America of the Asiatic races, which have been traced into that land.

In this view, and with these localizations, it is not difficult to understand Pandora, and the story fills up an hiatus in this remarkable history, which is most material to the elucidation of America's obscure antiquities.

The first question that arises from this myth is, what do the mythologists mean by the gods that sent this interesting personage to the west coast of America ?

In the present case, it can easily be understood as it has been sufficiently proved, that the Asiatic nations have colonized America in high antiquity.

152 THE LOST HISTORIES OP AMERICA.

Only the chief points of it, and such as relate to America, need be transcribed in this place.

His mother Danae is uncertain, but she accompanies him, and in the chapter on Central America, she will be found there.

In the traditionary histories of Mexico and Central America, by Brasseur de Bourbourg, he seeks to correct the abuses of the Empire to restrain the sanguinary priests, to disseminate that tender regard for human life, which is the distinguishing peculiarity of Eastern Monachism.

Under these circumstances, it is impossible that America could have been unknown to the other quarters of the Globe.

Those mysterious works of art as well as the enlarged gravings of the Abraxas gems, constitute the pictorial literature of America.

PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA, MUST HAVE CONSTITUTED AN EMPIRE, WHICH IN THE HISTORY OF THE ATLANTIC ISLE is REFERRED TO SATURN OR CRONUS, AS ITS EMPEROR.

It is impossible to deny, that the foregoing description of the mounds indicates a former state of society in North America, very different from that which was discovered by the early settlers in the same land, in modern times.

Again, many of the erections mentioned shew great resemblances with those that have been found in modern times, in Mexico and Central America: there must therefore have been affinity between the acknowledged civilization of the Serpent lands and the population of the mounds.

When therefore the mythology of former chapters has- exhibited in America, the presence of Uranus and his descendants, and when Diodorus Siculus attributes to Uranus the gathering of savages into cities in the Atlantic Isle, there is a primd facie evidence, that the mounds were his cities, or those of his descendants.

He would be a good embodiment of the Irkutsk and Kamtschatka portion of Asiatic people, who appear to have colonized America in early times.

They may have crossed the Pacific Ocean in very northerly latitudes, and settled in the northern parts of America.

According to Herodotus, Hercules had three children by her, Agathirsus, Gelonus and Scytha." This curious myth throws more light upon the mysterious histories of the mound cities of North America, than any thing else.

166 THE LOST HISTOEIES OF AMERICA.

There is every reason to believe, that the mound cities of North America are described in the records of the ancient world, as Hel, or Hela, or some word that answers to it.

In a note, it is said, that ' Bali the Daitya is sovereign of Patala, according to some." This makes it probable that the above description and diagram include Central America.

In a recent chapter the pedigree of the Titans was subjected to a comparison with the actual Ethnology of Mexico and Central America.

To complete the list, it may be mentioned, that Atlas and the Atlantides have their name in the Atalans or Otalans, which race the learned American professor already mentioned, places in the Isthmus which connects the great Insular continents of North and South America.

Perhaps by shifting the locality of their performance to America, they may be better understood.

STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, MUST HAVE BEEN INHABITED BY RACES, WHOSE TRADITIONS SHEW A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP WITH EUROPE AND PHOENICIA.

The constellated figure which overhangs the southern portion of the Mound cities, agreeing tolerably well, with the Southern States of North America, is called Ophiuchus, or Serpentarius.

This fact makes it unreasonable, if not impossible to deny, that there must have been a close connection between America and the old continent, in times of high antiquity.

So, again, in the description given of the state of Virginia and its natives, on the first discovery of America, mention is made of images and practices in advance of the more northerly tribes.

But, the Ophion myths are so plain, that search must be made into the writings of the early travellers, on the modern discovery of America, to see if they found any thing about the Alleghany mountains, that answers to Olympus.

One may be slow to believe that the celebrated mountain of Greece can have had its mythic antitype in the Mound cities of North America : but let the remarkable coincidences connected with the two mountains be studied.

The Titans have been found in Mexico and Central America.

If therefore Hercules and the Titans were in America, Jupiter Olympius must be there likewise.

The Icelandic stories give way to Classical myths, and there opens up one of the most remarkable chapters in mythic history, the birth of the European deities in the Mound cities of America.

The Pedigrees traced in this work, exhibit a pre-occupation of America by the white races, which, mingling their blood with the natives, have produced new modifications of Ethnology and the creation of a new order of Gods.

She was changed into a Serpent with her husband Cadmus, and placed in the Elysian fields." Judging from these details, it may be inferred, without much fear of mistake, that the marriage of Cadmus and Hermione represents the junction of two branches of the Asiatic colonizations in America.

" Hermione, it is said, had been brought up in the palace of Electra." It will, afterwards, be found, that this palace is in Central America.

Now that the astonishment has passed, and the laugh subsided, on finding Olympus in the Mound cities of North America, it may be well to test the matter a little sharply.

It is the region of the Earth-works of North America, round about the Alleghany mountains, the gulf of Texas (Styx), the Mississippi (Acheron), and Mount Olaimy, all within the large region delineated in the map by the figure of Ophiuchus.

Ophion is one of the oldest Titans, a race already discovered on the western shores of America.

This is an illustration of what is said in the myth of Oceanus, that "he was the father of all the Gods." Mythology teaches, that the races located in the Mound cities of North America, must not only have been driven out by war, but that, in various ways, they must have voluntarily forsaken their Earthworks, and sent off colonies across the Atlantic ocean into Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Two great ovens were opened beneath, and two women, guardian spirits of the place, entered them in a blaze of fire, and they disappeared." It must be admitted, that these traditions harmonize in the highest degree with the histories and the classic myths which have been brought forward to elucidate the mysterious affairs of America.

It looks a great deal, as if this medicine man were the descendant of the Asiatic colonists, whose advent into America has been traced out, in the foregoing pages.

Of course, any one is at liberty to judge, that these people must have been Jews, who had forsaken their home in the Holy Land, and had emigrated to America.

of America.

192 THE LOST HISTORIES OP AMERICA.

It is now quite manifest that on the discovery of Virginia, the Indians of that part of North America were in possession of a religion, unlike that of the Indian tribes in general, but bearing a great resemblance to European Heathendom.

At the present day, Europe is giving to America not gods but population, intelligence, and wealth.

Is it strange that, in earlier times, America should have given Gods ?

To find the birth of Apollo in the Mound cities of North America is to supply a natural 2 A

The distance between the North-Eastern parts of South America and the coast of Africa is not greater than the length of the Mediterranean Sea.

Whatever opinions may be entertained by the learned concerning the method employed in this work to track out the mysterious histories of the mound cities of North America, it is undeniable, that the subject is one of the deepest interest, affecting as it does, the fidelity of all history.

196 THE LOST HISTOKIES OF AMERICA.

HIDDEN HISTORIES OF CENTRAL AMERICA, STUDIED BY MEANS OF THE SAGITARIUS AND OTHER SIGNS AS ZODIACAL PORTRAITURE OF THE COUNTRY.

Central America proper, is the Isthmus which connects the two Insular Continents of North and South America.

The first direct attempt to acquire a correct knowledge of the ruined cities of Central America, was made by the French ; and an artist, both well qualified for the purpose, and supplied with a sufficient escort, was sent into the country.

Central America includes the provinces of Oaxaca, Tabasc, Chiapa, Guatemala, Yucatan, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.

In the work of Brasseur de Bourbourg, on the traditionary histories of Central America, it is made manifest, that the semi-civilization of Central America on a large scale, divided itself into three distinct parts, first, the Empire of the Nahoas in Mexico, secondly, the Empire of Quiche, and thirdly, the Empire of Yucatan.

Central America, in the Ptolemaic Zodiac, is depicted by the Sagitarius.

When placed in Central America, as its impersonation, he recovers his consequence, as the brother of Jupiter.

199 the embodiment of the pre-occupants of North America, coming into the Paradisaical garden-land of Central America, from the woods and prairies of the red men.

Hercules is among the scholars ; so that it must be inferred that the inhabitants of the mound cities made settlements in Central America, and were put under a course of instruction, before they forsook the land in search of new homes.

It is certainly a surprise to find Jason under the training of Chiron, in the cities of Central America ; but there is much to justify the allocation.

On the whole, it must be admitted that the mythology of Chiron, the Centaur, as exponent of the obscure histories of Central America and

its ruins, invests the land with great distinction and significance in the lost histories of America.

As a father is earlier than a son, it may fairly be expected that the study of Pan will carry back the histories of Central America to an earlier date than Chiron.

of doubt that the present tracing of the myth of the Sagitarius is correct, because Pan, the father of the Centaur, was actually the God of Central America on the discovery of the Province, in modern history.

"Tabasc is one of the modern provinces of Central America, lying upon the shores of the Mexican gulf.

But this subject can be carried further, and with historical conclusions that throw light upon the ruined cities of Central America.

He is a mystic ship, navigating between Central America and Hindostan.

In this case, the Copts assign to Arueris the province of Central America.

In a papyrus he is styled, "Haroeri, Lord of the Solar Spirits, the beneficent eye of the Sun." It is highly confirmatory of the allocation of Arueris in Central America, to find him in the form of a Sphinx; for, in point of fact, the Sphinxes are Centaurs they are half animals, half men.

Turned into geography and history, it means that the inhabitants of Central America were colonists from China, Thibet, and Siberia.

There are many things about the ruins of Central America, that, of themselves, create a belief that the early Egyptians must have had something to do with the erection of the buildings.

The mysterious affinity between the Egyptians and the inhabitants of Central America can be elucidated by pursuing a little further the subject of the Gods of Apollonopolis.

From this, it must be inferred, that Dhanus was the Hindoo name for the inhabitants of Central America, if not the country itself.

Shifted, it takes the two races of Egyptians and Danaids from Central America to Egypt and Greece.

Transferred to America, they acquire historical importance.

It is in America that these four Bels have an historical and ethnological existence.

In the traditionary histories of Mexico and Central America they are stemfathers of great races of men.

CENTRAL PART OF THE ATLANTIC ISLE, BY PLATO, IN CRITIAS, COMPARED WITH THE MODERN ACCOUNT OF CENTRAL AMERICA.

In the fourth chapter of this work, as a part of the evidence that America was known to the Ancients, the writings of Plato, in Timseus, were transcribed.

From the details of the statement, it can be safely judged, that Plato is really giving a description of what specially belongs to Central America.

This comparison between the writings of Plato and the modern description of Central America is singularly valuable in forming conclusions concerning the ruined cities, their probable history, and the manner of their abandonment.

212 THE LOST HISTOKIES OF AMERICA.

The latter part of this interesting document, accords exactly with what is said in the traditionary histories of Central America.

It is fair to raise the question, whether there is anything in Central America to justify the belief that Atlas and the Atlantides ever had any existence in that country.

There is an abundance of evidence in the ethnology and topography of modern Central America, to prove that it was the domicile of Atlas and his race.

In addition to these facts, the Professor Raffinesque, in his enumeration of the Indian races of America, puts at the head of them the tribe of Atalam or Otolam, which he glosses by Cutan, and locates in Central America.

They were called Nymphs, &c." On the common interpretation of mythic traditions, these Atlantides ought to be provinces or places in Central America.

216 THE LOST HISTOKIES OF AMERICA.

The term Seven Zones is an expression, if judged of by the Ophite Gnostic map, at page 80, that must be synonymous with the seven provinces of Central America.

If judged of in the light of the Hindoo diagram of Patala, at page 167, it must be considered as one of the seven divisions of North America.

The only Atlantide that can be discovered as Ethnological, in Central America, is Maia; but that is very important in this research, as the Mayas form, at this day, a very large part of the population, both of the peninsula of Yucatan and the Islands of the Caribean Sea.

It would seem from all that can be gathered from native sources and European traditions, that the mountains of Quiche must have been the spot where were assembled in the later ages of the pre-occupation of America, the remnants of the descendants of the colonists from all parts of the hemisphere.

Stephens found at Palenque, are said to have been Apalachian Indians from Florida, and later studies will shew that there must have been many from the western shores of South America.

the traditionary histories of Europe are almost as dark and as disarranged as those of America itself.

AND GRAVED STONES, FOUND IN THE RUINED CITIES OF CENTRAL AMERICA, COMPARED WITH THE MYTHOLOGICAL MONUMENTS AND DESIGNS OF THE OLD CONTINENT.

The Bassos relievos and sculpture discovered in the ruined cities of Central America, are an illustration of these remarks.

On this account, it is not impossible to form a credible estimate of the images of Central America.

The graved stones of Copan may fairly be considered to put them in the ruined cities of Central America.

222 THE LOST HISTOEIES OP AMERICA.

Among the native pictures relating to Central America, is one that, may be pronounced a Silvain.

When a capital specimen of this deity is found among the ruins of Central America, one sees, at once, that Tabasc and the vicinity is the original domicile of Silvain, for the country suits him to perfection.

All these characters belong to Central America ; so that it is not at all surprising that the God Silvanus is found among the native designs of the land.

Palenque appears to have been a very important town in Central America, as may be inferred from the extent of the ruins.

When she is found in Central America, she must be considered as the Goddess of races that came originally from Asia from the great country of Isis and the Issedones from the vast and ancient Empires which have retained to the present day, the being, characteristics, and religion of a world too ancient for research in short, from the stem-mother of the white races.

If otherwise, it must have been carried from Central America into Germany.

So, again, Dardanus, who founded Troy, and who must be supposed to have taken the Palladium there, locates in Central America.

Bacchus, by name, has not hitherto presented himself in this history; but when his mythology is studied, Central America is the spot where he ought to be found.

He is the race of Nahoas or Toltecs of Mexico and Central America deified.

In these facts lie, what are called " the mysteries of the ancients." This is the explication of those mysteries and of the fasts and feasts which were everywhere held to commemorate them fasts to mourn over the loss of people, who, in the early ages, had migrated from Asia into America, across the Pacific Ocean, and feasts to commemorate their return, in later ages, across the Atlantic.

That sea is at the entrance of the gulf of Texas, and consequently of all America.

It has been already shown, that Dardanus, the son of Electra, by Jupiter, had a fleet of twelve flying horses, between Central America and Britain.

If so, he must have gone from Central America into the country now called Morocco.

Nothing can be plainer, than that Atlas, and in him, the Aztlan race of Central America the inventors of astronomy, must have migrated across the Atlantic Ocean and settled in Mauritania.

Being, like Atlas, children of Japetus, they must have, been a portion of the Zapotec race of Central America.

By far the most important personage concerned in the evacuation of the now ruined cities of Central America is Jupiter himself.

This distinguished God has been traced to the southern mound cities of North America.

238 THE LOST HISTOKIES OF AMERICA.

She became mother of Minos, [who was Judge of the infernal regions in South America, and Sarpedon and Rhadamanthus, in other parts of those regions].

There is a remarkable group of myths in the classics, relating to Sardinia, which, as they throw more light upon the connection of America with Western Europe, and are more local than other myths, are worthy of attention.

240 THE LOST HISTOELES OF AMERICA.

Now, Hercules is the constellation over-hanging the lands of the red men in North America.

Iphicles is another name for the constellation Ophiuchus, which overhangs the mound cities of the Southern States of America.

Atalaya is the name of the tower of Quiche in Central America.

242 TfiE LOST HISTORIES OF AMERICA.

Iris is the child of Electra, the wife of Atlas, locating in Quiche, in Central America Thaumas, her father, is a son of Neptune, standing for the Naohas race.

Central America; so that it ties Ireland to that land, quite as well as the myth of Iris.

It will be remembered that in the Zodiacal portraiture of Central America the human hand is one of the Coptic figures, called Arueris.

It corrects a mistake to bring it from Central America.

It is at Atalaya and other places in Central America that the antitype of the round tower is found.

This is seen in the native name of the Indians of Central America and Yucatan.

The Danans of Ireland have been found at page 206 in Central America, as the Hindoo Dhanus and the Greek Danaus.

246 THE LOST HISTOKIES OF AMERICA.

If so, there must have been vast numbers of the inhabitants of the Mound Cities of North America in Britain.

The mounds bear the nearest possible resemblance to the pyramidal mounds of North America!

PART OF THE PTOLEMAIC ZODIAC AS A MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA IN THE MYTHIC AGES.

SOUTH AMERICA.

249 PART OF THE COPTIC ZODIAC, AS A MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, IN THE MYTHIC AGES.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE FIGURES OF THE ZODIACS WHICH SERVE AS DELINEATION OF SOUTH AMERICA.

The obscurity which hangs over the historical antiquities of North America, is intensified when South America becomes the subject of research.

In that circumstance it differs nothing from North America : but that portion of the hemisphere has had its annals told by, at least, three creditable historians obscure and fragmentary, it may be, but not beyond the penetration of study.

Yet that literature is full of suggestiveness, and it creates a suspicion, that South America has, in ages past, been known to the Ancients.

ZODIACAL FIGURES OF SOUTH AMERICA.

One would hardly have expected to find the building tools in South America : but by travellers it is said, that the slopes of the Andes and the parts adjacent have great works, excelled by none and equalled by few, -in the known world.

It is more curious still, to look for religion in South America.

When compared with specimens of ancient boats on the tombs of Egypt, there is found a resemblance between them that leads to the suspicion that South America must have been comprised in the countries visited by the navigators of the old world.

One thing seems to fix the Scales to the western shores of South America, as the Poetical Astronomers describe the Balances, "as the sign under which begins the reign of the Devil." This is very material to the localization of the Sign.

It will be found, in the study of South America, in the light of mythology, that the ancients have regarded it as the domain of monsters and demons.

This description of the northern parts of South America as monstrous and demoniacal, is curiously countenanced by that great and philosophic traveller, the Baron Von Humboldt.

Scorpion, over which sign he triumphs." It may fairly be inferred, from this statement, that the Typhonian race settled in Mexico, must have spread itself into the region of the Scorpion, as they must also have done into the whole of North America, judging from the extended territory appropriated to Typhon.

If Typhon is to be sought in South America, there is no difficulty whatever, in finding him there; inasmuch, as the whole region of the Amazon and the Empire of Brazil is inhabited by the Tupy Indians.

The race of Tupy appears from the accounts given of it, not to have been the native race ; and that fact leads to the fair supposition, that it may be the descendants of some intrusive people, who have, in times of high antiquity, mingled with the Guarany race, which is called the Aboriginal race, and which occupies the greater part of South America.

Then, rattling them, they reproduce the tremendous drama of the storm." This character is found in Demonology, a study which, though somewhat repulsive, must be called in aid in treating of South America, as it is the region of monsters and demons.

It likewise appears in the statements of Poetical Astronomers, already mentioned, that Typhon conquered the Scorpio, " over which region he triumphed." This preoccupation of South America corresponds with the preoccupation of North America.

They justify the saying that "Typhon triumphed over the sign of the Scorpio." They exhibit the Tupy Indians as the ancient occupants of the great valleys of the Amazon and the Orinoco, and they shew that the northern parts of South America have been, at some time or other, under the civilizing influences of the same Titan race as has been seen in the Northern half of the Oceanic hemisphere.

The existence of a large province on the upper waters of the Amazon, which bears marks of the former presence of the monastic races of North Eastern Asia, is most material for the elucidation of the very obscure histories of South America.

259 exhibiting an old race, taking a new form, resuscitating itself, or, as it is often said, " being born again in the west." It is now not at all surprising that travellers in Central South America and La Plata, have met with Indians in possession of monastic practices.

In the Coptic Zodiac, in the centre of that portion which must be allotted to South America, there is a human being, with the designation " Tirenicorum " and the description "Demonium statio." From this it must be inferred, that the ancient Egyptians have considered the continent as the land of Demons.

261 In the fragment of Marcellus, transcribed at page 33, after mention is made of Islands sacred to Persephone, it is said that "there were three others of an immense magnitude, one of which was consecrated to Pluto, another to Ammon, and that which was situated between them, to Poseidon." This quotation locates Pluto in South America.

Ammon has North America, Poseidon Central America, and Pluto South America.

It has likewise been shown, that Poseidon had Central America.

It is a natural sequence that South America was consecrated to Pluto.

262 THE LOST HISTOKIES OF AMERICA.

They were a junction of the races of Asia and America.

Perhaps South America is the most inflammable country on the face of the earth, and the great public works existing in Peru, are such as could not have been constructed without forced labour.

It is there treated as a mystic map of ancient America.

On inspection, it will be seen that the great oval which represents South America is called Behemoth, a word which the learned Bochart takes to be the hippopotamus, or river horse.

As the two words are literally the same, it must be concluded, that the diagram really is an imperfect map of America.

Sabasius, himself the leader of the Sabbat, is a Gnome, a building and mining dwarf, so that the demons must be credited with much of the civilization which the Spaniards found in South America.

To find a country on the west coast of South America, in possession of social and political institutions resembling in great measure the choicest models of European nations, and in some things excelling them, presented to the philosopher and statesman a very curious subject of thought.

266 THE LOST HISTOEIES OF AMERICA.

There are many Huacas still" As the valley of Magdelene is in the Northern part of South America with access to the Caribean Sea, the area of the worship of Rimac must have been very extended.

This puts him in South America.

"Loak was the name of the stem-father of the Cherokee Indians." Picard says that "Louque was the first man among the Caribs." The Caribs are a very extended race in America.

They are not only found in the Caribean Sea, which carries their name, but they are spread over a great part of South America.

Thus the Indians of North America and the Caribs of South America are, in point of fact, children of Loki, according to the myth.

It contains in it the exact points that are wanted to be known, as to the early settlements of Asiatic races on the western shores of South America.

From these details, it is easy to see, that the settlements in South America were well known to the Asiatic people, that they had become a source of alarm and fear to the nations of the East, and that there was a general desire to interpose and restrain the colonists.

Again, when JEneas is entrusted to Chiron the Centaur, the same principle of localization makes him to cross the Pacific Ocean, and settle on the west coast of South America, because the Centaur Chiron is embodied in the Sagitarius, and the Centaur overhangs Peru.

In the description of the language of Darien and the surrounding tribes, " Tradition makes a bearded man come to them, one Bochica, a civilizer." This tradition cannot be compared with the myth of Anchises, in a direct form ; but it shews that there must have been more than one civilizer in the north-west of South America.

It is said that neither horses nor bulls were native to South America.

There are not wanting those who disbelieve the Spaniards when they deny the existence of horses on the Pampas, on the discovery of America.

But one is not driven to the necessity of proving the existence of horses in South America.

The upper circles, which seem to belong to the northern parts of South America, there mystically called Behemoth, have the names affixed to them of Suriel, Gabriel, Erathoth, Michael, and Raphael.

282 THE LOST HISTOEIES OF AMERICA.

In consequence of this mode of distribution, selfish principles were restrained and extinguished, and each individual felt his connection with those around him, and the state thus constituted might be considered as one great family, in which the union of the members was so complete and the exchange of good offices so perceptible, as to create stronger attachment than subsisted under any form of society established in America." It need only be added, that if the laws of Minos and Phoroneus were based upon institutions such as these, there is no wonder that ancient books have referred to them with commendation.

Menalippe is the daughter of Chiron the Centaur, who has been found embodied in the Sagitarius, portraiture for Central America.

If so, the first Incas of Peru must have been in Central America, before they created a dynasty in South America.

Not only must the Oceanides of North America and Central America have

287 crossed the Atlantic Ocean and conquered Libya and Europe, as has been shown in earlier parts of this work ; but the people of South America and the Inca's court must, likewise, have crossed the Pacific Ocean, and coming up the Eythrean sea, have spread themselves over Asia, Africa, and Europe.

It would seem, that the art of pottery is native to South America.

Not only the Maypures, but the Caribs and Ottomies, and even the Guayanes are distinguished on the Orinoco, as makers of painted pottery; and the manufacture extended formerly towards the banks of the Amazon." Again, "In the forests of South America which extend from the Equator as far as the 8th degree of N.

There can be no doubt at all, that the Lemures are correctly located, when they are placed on the west coast of South America, from the following circumstances.

Yet, it is very difficult to deny, that the early influence of South America must have created this wide-spread superstition.

In the present case, the Manaos of South America, form a simple funereal process, by which the semicivilized races of the Amazon are accustomed to bury their dead.

It is hard to come to any other conclusion than that the early inhabitants of South America must, by migrations into distant parts of the globe, have unintentionally given rise to a species of religion, which has haunted the imaginations, and disturbed the repose of the whole world.

Supposing South America to have been unknown to the ancients, or to have had no historical or ethnological connection with the old continent, it creates the inevitable conviction, that there must be something essentially wrong in modern notions of the old world and its histories.

With these materials for the formation of opinions, it is not impossible to understand this obscure subject, and to deduce from the study a number of interesting conclusions respecting the origin and spread of idolatry, as well as the relative position of Egypt and South America, in times of high antiquity.

They both serve to teach that the Egyptian Canopus hangs on historically to South America.

All these figures belong to South America.

The history of Egypt must, to some extent, hang on to the west coast of South America.

298 THE LOST HISTOEIES OF AMERICA.

It is quite manifest, that the Chinese have signified their recognition of advantages derived from South America, by the deification of a Canopa.

It now becomes quite manifest, that the grand compound figure which stood at the gates of the labyrinthine palaces of Assyria, is a visible memento of certain national migrations, between the shores of South America and the valley of the Euphrates.

"He is the root of a new race," whereby it is seen, that the giant race of America, gives way to some other people, native or otherwise.

If so, all the histories connected with the mythic uEneas in the underground hemisphere, must have been subsequent to the times of Vitey and his progeny, in the Empire of China, This puts the departure of the Peruvian Giants from South America before the Inca.

When taken into consideration, in an estimate of the comparative civilization of Asia and America, they form a very important feature in the argumentation.

Before admitting America to have been first in architecture and the use of tools, one looks into works on China in its earliest forms to find if there is any thing said, that can be considered as a corroboration of the theory.

There must, therefore, have been migrations from South America across the Atlantic and up the Mediterranean Sea to Crete carrying the code of laws which the Judge had constructed.

Minos has a second wife, one Pasiphae: and it is this marriage which links ancient Peru to Assyria, and shews that the people of South America must have migrated into ancient Persia.

Those Empires must owe some of their greatness to South America.

To acquire, therefore, a just conception of the remote histories which laid the basis of Assyrian, and Babylonian, and Median greatness, America must be brought within the scope of events which led to the birth, and subsequently to the histories of the five Great Monarchies.

In America, as granddaughter of Oceanus and Tethys, she is American.

Later studies have shown that Tiphe is the proper name by which to designate the northern parts of South America, as they are peopled by the race of Tupy and the

310 THE LOST HISTOEIES OF AMERICA.

It is there given as indicative of an ancient maritime Asiatic emigration to the shores of America.

It is now possible to do the same with South America.

It is difficult to bring oneself to believe that a land so remote as South America could ever have participated hi the formation of the great Empires of Asia.

It is Tahiti, and its position in relation to South America would admit of the supposition that the sign of the Ibis must be intended for Tahiti.

This is material to the present enquiry, as the Agathademon bears the name of Now, and as the word equally belongs to the Nahoas or Toltec race of Mexico and Central America.

As Pyramidal buildings all over the world are " imitations of the fabled Meru, which was the worldly temple of the Supreme Being, and considered by the followers of Buddha, as the tomb of the son of the spirit of heaven, whose bones and limbs were scattered over the face of the Earth " (Asiatic Researches), the Island of Tahiti may have been an out-station of the same Asiatic settlements that have been found in America.

Under these circumstances, it is reasonable to infer, that the Island has been visited and colonized by the Oceanides of America, and that it has been a sort of stepping stone between the two hemispheres.

314 THE LOST HISTORIES OP AMERICA.

Like America itself, it is a blank, as if the inhabitants of the old world were totally unaware of its existence.

But it shews also, that Australia must have been a known part of the ancient world, and that its inhabitants must have been acquainted with America.

Their picturesque costume is the last dying remains of the fantastic and barbaric attire of the races who had forsaken the mound cities of North America and the now ruined cities of Central America, in quest of new homes and fortunes.

Shall the students of Germany, France, America, and England, all be put down in the category of incompetents ?

He or his ancestors must have come from Central America, where Pan was God.

One thing is quite plain : America has had histories histories of the highest possible importance, and its people have played a great role in the histories of the other three quarters of the globe.

It is a part of the theory deducible from this work, that America, in ancient times, has been the residence of a great race of men, frequently mentioned in the literature of Europe as Oceanides that is to say, living in the Ocean, a word used for the vast accumulation of waters that stretches from Britain to Japan.

In this magnificent conception, America was the domicile of Europe's Gods, Three thousand rivers, some the largest in the world, form the river system of the land.

In times less remote, when myth gave way to natural writing, America stands forth in European literature as the Atlantic Isle.

In these maps America appears, so that the figures can be used to discover the ancient Geography and Ethnology of the lands.

The Sagitarius, delineation of Central America, is associated with Chiron, a son of Saturn, one of the most renowned kings of the Atlantic Isle.

It is a part of this theory, that the races of men found in more modern times to be the occupants of America, correspond with great exactness to the races that European authors have put in the Atlantic Isle.

Hercules is found in the Iroquois, Saturn is found in the Shawnees, called by the Iroquois Satanas, the Faunii are found in the Pawnees the Aloids in the Alii, said to be the builders of the Earthworks, the Eumenides in the Oman or Missourian Indian, the Atlantides are found in the race of Atalan or Cutan, the native race of Central America and

Lastly, in South America, Typhceus is found in the Tupy Indians.

Central America must have been even more civilized, and in later ages, there must have been a league of kings, who issued from Quiche and Yucatan crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and conquered the western parts of the Old Continent.

It gathers up a few scattered rays of light, and concentrates them upon the mysterious histories and ruins of America.

One thing is certain ; it will add another star to the banner of the Stars and Stripes, when the literati of the United States shall produce a record of the world's past existence, in which America and the American people shall be put into their proper place in History.

Abaris in Britain, 247 Abraxas Gems, 258 Acheron, father of Eumenides, 52; mythic river, 57 ; Son of Helios, 57 ; father of Esculapius, 57 Achilles, scholar of Chiron, 199 Adrasta Eumenide, 57 JEga "Wave palace, 58 Aelo, the Centaur, 285 ^on, child of Colpias, 105, 135 Agathirsus, son of Hercules, 165, 166 ; in Britain, 246 Agenor, head of Phoenix family, 179 Agnian demon in Brazil, 256 Ahmed de Tous Extract, 37 Aissuaris Province, 257 Alecto Eumenide, 52 Aletae Titans, 106 Alaeus in (Eaea, 36 ; tribe of Alii, 171 Amenti Gods, 92, 205 Ammon in Atlantic Isle, 33 ; Soul of world, 77 Amphitrite Myth, 231 Anahuac, Mexico 127 Ananta Sesha, 68 Anchises Myth, 272 Anchosau Chinese Emperor, 272 Andoubarios made Zodiacs, 20 Aoneo Indian name America, 58 Apalachian Indians, 176; in South America, 270 Apollo, Child of Cronus, 108 ; Arueris 206; Birth, 174; Syrian, 192 Argo Ship, 93 Arueris Sagitarius, 204 Asclepius, Child of Sydyc, 108 Atalaya in Quiche, 214; Giants' burrows, 240 Athena, Child of Cronus, 109; in Attica, 109 Atin Re in Ethiopia, 277 Atlantic Isle, 30 ; History, 31 ; sunk, 32 Atlantides Astronomers, 21 ; on Ocean, 100; Names, 102; myth, 215;

Pleiades, 236 ; Central America, 236 Atlas invented Zodiac, 20 ; is Aztlan, 21, 124, 171 ; Child of Ccelus, 102 ;

Child of Ouranos, 107; Father of Calypso, 37; myth, 213; Centre of Atlantic Isle, 209; in Africa, 236 Atri, father of Harpies, 50 Australian tradition, 315 Aymara Nation, South America, 265 Aztecs Mexican, 123 ; fromZapotecs, 123 Aztlans Astronomers, 21 ; Atlas, 124 Baal stones, 227; Laic feal, 227;

College in Mayo, 245 Baalsamiii, 105 Bacchus, Soul of World ,77; Myth 229; Cut to pieces, 230; Mythology, 230 Bael in demonology, 207 Balam,four ofthem, 207; in Quiche, 210 Baldur, 169 ; with Hela, 171 Bali, Sovereign of Patala, 168 Bards in South America, 274 Bel the God, 157; in Demonology, 207 Beli Hindoo, 169 Belphegor, 207 Belus, child of Cronus, 108 ; Esculapius 156; birth, 174; myth, 206 Bochica Peruvian civilizer, 274 Boli, king of Patala, 169 Bor, sons of, 164 Boreas marries Dardanus, 218 ; in Britain, 247 Brahma Hindoo God, 61 Brazil Greek inscription, 33 Briareus myth, 221 Britain described, 246 Buddha Incarnation Vishnu, 64 Bull, Japanese, 85; three of them, 238; Myth of Taurus, 238 Cabiri 90 ; Ship-builders, 106 ; atBeryth, 109; Writers of Cosmogony, 109 Cacus, 146 Cadiz Arsenal there, 3 Cadmus Ophiuchus, 180 ; Cook at Baalsainin, 180; met Hermione at Olympus, 180 ; is Sammano- kodom, Caf Mount, America, 38 Callirhoe Myth, 45 Calypso Nymph, 35 ; daughter of Atlas, 35 Canopa Peruvian, in cave, 263 Canope Egyptian, 293 Canopus God, 294 Capacalana Idol in Peru, 270 Centaur, 278; Condor, 280; names, 286 Centaurii Myth, 286 Centaurus myth, 284 Central America described, 197 Cerberus, son of Echidna, 165 ; myth, 232 ; Sarde Idol, 242 Ceres myth, 89 Ceto, mother of Echidna, 46 ; mother of Gorgons, 49 Chaos in the Egg, 77

Symbols, 109 Cross on Mexican figure, 159 ; at Palenque, 227 ; Antinous, 27 ; Irish, 244 Cupid priest, 201 Cybele Cimmerian Goddess, 317 Dcedalus myth, 304 Dagon, child of Ouranos, 107 Daimichius, child of Chrysaor, 106 Danaus myth, 207 Dardanus Atlantide, 218 Deluge tablet, 93 Demons in South America, 54 Deucalion, son of Prometheus, 124 Dhanus Hindoo Sagitarius, 198 Diana of Ephesus, 224; Hertha, 225 Dionusus mythology, 229 Diopetes, 226 Dioscuri put to sea, 107 Divs in Mount Caf, 39 Draco myth, 129 Dragon myth, 238 Easter Island, 314 Echidnamyth, 46 ; child of Peiras, 56 ; wife of Hercules, 165 Egg of world, 76 Electra palace, 181 ; Speech, 215 ; mythology, 217; mother of Harpies, 234 Eleusinian mysteries, 88 Elioun, father of Ouranos, 106 Emathion, at palace of Electra, 187 Enoch Book, 280 Epimetheus, son of Titan, 123 Erebus, father of Styx, 56 Erin, red hand of, 244 Erinuys Eumenides, 53 Eros, child of Astarte, 108 ; Cupid, 202 Esculapius, son of Acheron, 57; myth, 156 Etruscan Vases, 159 Eumenides myth, 52 ; (Eman, 170 Europa myth, 237 Euryale Gorgon, 49;Sjnyth, 281; daughter of Minos, 303 Eurynome myth, 175 Eurynomous myth, 175 Evenor Centre Atlantic Isle, 209 Faunii in America, 50 ; myth, 51 ;

Pawnees, 170 Fees in Mount Caf, 39 Fene, 244 Fenrir wolf, 269 Fiji teecallis there, 314 Fire rites in Peru, 283 Flight of Gods, 184, 235 Fohi, Chinese Emperor, 272 Freemasonry, 146 Furies Eumenides, 53 Gabhra, Battle of, 38 Garga, Hindoo Sage, 27 Garada, Vahan of Vishnu, 59 ; description, 202 Genesa Vishnu, 59 Genii, 290 Giants in America, 48 ; in Edda, 95 ; in Phoenicia, 105 ; of Gods and men, 115 ; HerculesandOphiuchus, 115 ; in Mexico, 126 ; Oergelmirthe first, 164 Giunungagap, 95 Gog and Magog, 37, 50 Gorgons myth, 49 Gygesmyth, 221 Hanuman Hindoo God, 202 Harpies in America, 50 Hati Wolf, 268 Hayti Idol, 232 Hecate, daughter of Minos, 303 Hecaton Keiri, 221 Hel, 96 Hela in lotunheim, 96 ; nine worlds, 166; Alii, 170 Helio, child of Hyperion, 101 Helius Sun, 133 Hercules myth, 76 ; in Egg, 77 ;

Nayarit, 142 Nais, mother of Chiron, 198 Narada goes to Swetam, 67 Natchez tradition, 83 Navigation Pacific, 87; Atlantic, 218 Neptune dragon throne, 6; Serpent, 143; Bacchus, 231 Nereids Oceauides, 45; in stables of Ocean, 90 ; wives of Serpent, 141 ; myth, 141 Nereus myth, 45 Night mother of Eumenides, 52 Ninip Emblem man-bull, 295 ; legend Noraghe in Sardinia, 240 Norax myth, 241 Nymphs Atlautides, 103 Oannes, fish gods, 58, 143, 144 Ocosinco, winged sun, 205 Oceanus America, 40 ; Titan, 41 ; myth, 41; pedigree, 43; Titan Giant, 48; father of Styx, 56 (Eaea Island, 35 , (Eaeaii Isle, 58 CEgean Nereids there, 58 Oello Peruvian civilizer, 285 (Eon, 58 Oisin tradition, 38 Olaimy Mount, 176, 177 Olmeques in Mexico, 126 Olympic games, 178 Olympus Eurynome there, 175 ; Vulcan there, 175 ; description, 176 ; wars, 183 Oman Missourian Indians, 57 Ombte Evil Spirit, 252 Ophion myth, 175 ; Collation, 182

Osiris, 258; Pluto, 258; vase, 263 Serpent Mexico, 24, 97 ; Vishnu on it, 59; Midgard, 96; of Africa, 154 SeshaAstronomy, 27 ; Vishnu on it, 59 67 ; description, 68 Settaboth God in Patagonia, 264 Silvanus myth, 222 ; pavement, 223 Skoll Wolf, 268 Soul of world, 76 ; Gnostic map, 79 Stheno Gorgon, 49 Stonehenge temple of Apollo, 193, 246 Stones in Europe, 246 Styx Oceanide, 43 ; myth, 56 ; Birds, 233, 253; Localization, 56 Sun Heraldry of Japan, 34; Helio 102; sou of Hyperion, 132; spread abroad, 133 Suriel, 280 Suvarua, America, 9 Swetam, 9 ; abode of Vishnu, 10 ; Holy laud of Hindoos, 66 Sydyc, father of Cabin, 106; Titan, 108 Synonyms in South America, 310 Taautes Inventor of letters, 106; writer of Cosmogony, 105 Tabasc described, 200 Tahiti, 312 Talayots towers, 240 Tallapoosa river, 179 Taurus myth, 126, 238 Tchinavar bridge, 91 Telephassa, 179 Telesphore, 156 Teotl God in Mexico, 58 Tethys myth, 42 Tezculipoca soul of world, 77 ; Mexican god, 154; Esculapius, 154 Thabion, first Hierophaut, 104 Themis myth, 276 Thetis, mother of Achilles, 42 Thevatat, brother of Sammonokodom, Thomas Peruvian civilizer, 275 Thor's adventures 95; Journey, 171 ;

Tipe Egyptian Typhon, 260 Tiphe Heaven, 92 Tisiphone Eumenides, 52 Titan Giants myth, 48; pedigree, 121 Titanides children of Cronus by Astarte, 108 Titicaca Lake, 265, 270 Tlascalla bridge, 246 Toetiuacan built by Totanacques, 127 Toia Indian demon, 176 Toltec mythology, 83 ; Zapotecs 123 ; in Quiche, 210 Tonacacique, 90 Tongatabu, 314 Totanacques in Anahuac, 122 Towers, Irish, 244 Triton, son of Aniphitrite, 231 Tuatha de Danans, 245 Tulha capital, 205 Tupa God South America, 254 Tupy Indians in Brazil, 254 Turks, 37 Typhon dragon sun, 133; son of Hera 100 heads.

134; in Scorpio, 253 Typhoeus Titan Giant, 48; son of Echidna, 165 Tyro in (Eaea, 35 Tyr feeds Wolf, 269; tradition, 271 Tzendales, Central America, 223 Tzintzon, Chinese Emperor, 272 Uranus, first king of Atlantis, 100;

Ouranos 113; Astronomer, 45 Uttanasak, high place, 192 Utatlan, capital of Quiche, 213 Utgard City, 172 Vaniana Incarnation of Vishnu, 63 Varuha, Incarnation of Vishnu, 63 Varuna, god of Ocean, 61 Varuni, goddess of "Wine, 68 Vasoky, Serpent rope, 63 Yedas reside in Swetam, 67 Veitiocan, city of Gods, 127 Venus Marine, 274 Vichlipuchlil36; Mexican God, 139 Viracocha in Peru, 83, 273 Virginian Idol, 194 Vishnu, Hindoo Oceanus, 59 Vitek Canopa, 98 Vitey, ChineseEmperor, 272; architect Volchava, issue of Wolf, 269 Volchor, issue of Wolf, 269 Vulcan kicked, 184 Wolf mythology, 268 Xemes, god of Hayti, 233 Yama Wolf 268 ; judge, 268 Yamapur abode, 268 Yamea province, 268 Yankee, America, 58 Ymir myth, 164 Yucatan Empire, 216 Yuncas nation in Peru, 267 Zapotecs Japetus, 122; Tumuli, 206; in Quiche, 210 Zeus, father of Persephone, 56 ; child of Cronus, 108; birth, 174; at Palace of Electra, 181 Zodiac map, 13 ; history, 13 ; Burmese 16; Hindoo, 20; Mexican, 25

The title page continues: an examination of the origin and of the civil, political, military, and religious state, the arts, industry, sciences, manners, and usages of the ancient inhabitants of America; the great epochs of nature; the ancient communication of the two hemispheres; and the last revolution that made Atlantis disappear.

No iron tools, no coin, no alphabetic writing, and vines without wine, in America at the conquest.

Plato's great continent opposite the island can only be America (pp.

Direct likenesses, in his later summary to Fontana: Mexicans with Egyptians, Peruvians with Chinese, the north of America with Scythians and Tartars, before iron, literary writing, and coin (p.

If the certain epoch of a common origin cannot be found, he still holds that Peru and China, and ancient Egypt and Mexico, show the same analogy that has been remarked between the Scythians or Tartars and the peoples of North America, and between South America and Africa.

He rejects Hornius, who found in America, by etymology, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Massagetae, Mauritanians, Greeks, and Syrians.

Antée was the name for any inhabitant of the Cordilleras, the chain that crosses all America.

Uranus, or Uran, is a name kept to his own day in America as in Ethiopia, for what is luminous, piercing, high, and burning.

America keeps the memory of an emigration at whose head was a great prince, who came to conquer several states in our hemisphere.

Europeans, taking themselves for the center, have assigned the epoch the other way, as a passage from our hemisphere into America.

Oviedo tries to prove that Atlas was Italian, that his brother Hesperus reigned in Spain after Hercules and was its twelfth king, and that the kings of Spain, as successors of Hesperus, justly mastered America, the Great Hesperia.

Grotius said the peoples of the north of America came from Norway by Iceland, Frisland, Greenland, and Estotiland, following Niccolo Zeno.

Buache identifies Frisland with the Faroes, and concludes that America would have been known and inhabited by Europeans before Columbus, and that the Welsh voyage of Madoc in 1170 might be well enough founded.

For the south of America, Grotius does not hesitate to derive the peoples from the Chinese, the Ethiopians, and the Africans in general.

Gumilla observes that America has animals, even tameable ones, whose species are unknown in our hemisphere: vicunas, alpacas, llamas, and others of which Europe had not even the idea.

Carli says that is the time to pass from the Canaries, or from the Cape Verde islands, to America.

One may conjecture, with enough likelihood, that people passed from the north of Europe into North America at later epochs.

Nobody then suspected he had the least notice of America.

Venice in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries made charts and rutters that indicate the last islands of the ocean toward the coasts of America.

Paw claims the countries of America are new on the surface of the globe.

In America, remains of great buildings are earlier than the nations who inhabited it.

The observation that pushes the antiquity highest, and stops him thinking of Phoenician, Hebrew, or Chinese voyages to America, is this.

A people from our hemisphere who had passed into America would have carried one or another of those usages, and the rapid change in arts and tools after the conquest, above all in iron and coin, would have happened then.

He is embarrassed to fix the epoch at which the old hemisphere had some communication with America or the islands.

Everything practiced in America was conformable to the ancient usages of our hemisphere.

Writers who have seen in America the traces of different colonies that left our hemisphere at dates more or less remote are useless to stop at.

That use did not exist in America.

He combats, by strong reasons, those who made the Phoenicians, the Chinese, and the Tartars travel to America, but one does not see what he himself thought of the communication.

It is not possible that the ancient peoples of America passed into our hemisphere if their continent was separated from ours, as it is now, by a vast sea.

The peoples of this great continent bordered Africa and Europe as much as America, except a small space of sea on each side, since the ancients represent it as an immense island, around which one saw some other small islands.

The peoples the ancients called Atlantides passed in part into Africa and Europe, brought astronomical knowledge and different usages, and returned to America by the same way.

Joining by lands the peaks of the mountains that the islands form, spread as he has said through a space of eighty degrees, we have formed an island he will call Atlantis, situated between our continent and that of America.

The unanimous testimony of so many writers, who supposed inhabited countries beyond the Atlantic up to the discovery of America, is enough to persuade him that an authentic monument of the ancient revolutions of the globe remained in the most enlightened country on earth, Egypt.

The precious works of Buache have made known the horizontal plan of the floor of the Atlantic, from Rio Grande, or the banks of Saint Roch, in America, to Cape Tagrin in Africa, on a line that cuts the equator at an angle of about thirty-five degrees.

America therefore anciently extended that far.

Supposing these lands and the Mediterranean basin free of the waters that cover them, the vast rivers that flow from Africa and from America must have formed great lakes there, which discharged into the Antarctic sea and made an island of the vast land in question, as the traditions of ancient Egypt supposed.

On these suppositions, founded on the state of the places themselves, the peoples who inhabited them could pass into Africa and into Europe, extend their conquests, dominate on one side as far as Egypt and on the other as far as Spain and Tyrrhenia, and find no more difficulty in going to America and returning at will.

That can only be America.

As soon as the ocean had withdrawn from our hemisphere, which it covered in the first state indicated by the archives of the earth itself, and the volcanoes, which ceased in great part, had left dry the surface that became habitable, a communication was established between the peoples of Atlantis, our continent, and that of America, before the discovery of iron and the invention of writing and of coin, that is at an epoch of more than three thousand years before our era.

He expects the objection that, even granting the Atlantides spread their knowledge in Egypt, Spain, and the other countries, one still has to explain the likeness of the Peruvians and the Chinese, and to examine the actual position of Asia and of America to the east.

It is not impossible to conceive that, supposing the Chinese anciently fixed in Siberia, they passed into America, as other Tartar or Scythian peoples did, and carried those usages and manners that seem to bring the two continents so near in the northern parts.

Cast your eyes on the islands of Africa, Asia, and America.

The proof becomes still more sensible in the Atlantic if one considers that the re-entrant angles correspond to the salient angles, between the two opposite shores of America and Africa.

The islands of Tahiti, Bolabola, Maupiti as he prints a form of that name, Ulietea, Huaheine, and others are in the middle of the Pacific, at four thousand eight hundred miles from America and five thousand four hundred from Asia.

From that one succeeds in explaining the common origin of several nations of America and of those of our hemisphere.

There have soon been ten months and a half that the friend has had the patience to read everything sent at each post, even with precipitation, concerning the ancient state of America.

He now wants all the ideas, or the dreams, on the different revolutions of our little planet, so as to judge what can be discovered of the probable on the traditions of Egypt and on the passage of the Atlantides into Africa, Europe, and America.

Uran or Uruan has almost the same sense in America and in Ethiopia.

This letter is a running criticism of Robertson's History of America, not a new site for Atlantis.

We owe a history of America to the celebrated author of the life of Charles V.

He has gathered a number of important notices and combined them so as to present, for the first time, the truest and most exact picture anyone has ever seen of the great continent of America, as regards the character of the inhabitants, the usages, the religious rites, the arts, and the knowledge of those nations which the barbarity and avarice of the Europeans have almost totally destroyed.

He shows the most direct relations between the Mexicans and the Egyptians, between the Peruvians and the Chinese, and between the north of America, the Scythians, and the Tartars, so that one can conclude with confidence that there was a direct communication from one hemisphere to the other, a reciprocal commerce, but before the discovery of iron, of literary writing, and of coin.

One is entitled on the chance navigation of the Frisians into America in the eleventh century, Magdeburg, 1741.

The other is on chance navigations into America before Columbus, same place, 1742.

Speaking also to Villoison of the venereal diseases, which Carli maintained were native to our hemisphere and not to America, Villoison communicated two passages of Palladius, who entered the solitude of Nitria in 388.

It is his proof that a disease later blamed on America was already described on this side of the ocean.

America was peopled by repeated migrations.

He prefers an early wave through the Pacific islands into South America, a later Atlantic wave by the Canaries, Madeiras, and Azores toward the Antilles and Central America, and a latest entry by Behring Strait.

Until a genuine Old World inscription turns up there, the legendary Atlantis remains a myth, and pre-Columbian America keeps the credit for its own progress.

Abraham and 318 servants beat Chederlaomer and Tidal, "King of Nations." Dunbar, twenty years after Columbus, still knew America only as "the new-found isle" (pp.

America and the basin are both too old to be brought into human history (pp.

His later Quatre Lettres sur le Mexique took Atlantis literally and stretched America east to the Canaries.

Copenhagen's Antiquitates Americanae and Grönland's Historiske Mindesmærker, with genuine runic inscriptions, put the Northmen in Greenland and on the mainland of North America before the close of the tenth century.

Central America, not Mexico or Peru, as the high seat.

Earliest, from a supposed Asiatic cradle through the Pacific islands into South America, before the northern steppes of Asia were full.

Next, an Atlantic wave by the Canaries, Madeiras, and Azores to the Antilles and Central America, and probably by the Cape Verdes, or the southern equatorial current, to Brazil.

Mexican civilization is a borrowed reflex of Central America.

He would not be surprised by a real Phoenician inscription, or by Assyrian gryphons or Tyrian shekels, in the buried empire of Montezuma or the ruins of Central America.

Until that stone or that hoard appears, the legend remains a myth, and pre-Columbian America is credited with a progress of its own (pp.

When Dunbar wrote of America, twenty years after Columbus, he knew it only as "the new-found isle."

In the later Quatre Lettres sur le Mexique the Abbé took the legend literally and called up, "from the vasty deep," a submerged continent, or rather an eastward extension of America, including, as he thought probable, the Canaries and other insular survivals of an imaginary Atlantis.

He notes a different patriotic fancy, that America is the older continent in a geological sense.

The idea of intercourse between the Old and the New World prior to the fifteenth century, passed from the region of speculation to the domain of historical fact, when the publication of the Antiquitates Americanae and the Grönland's Historiske Mindesmærker, by the antiquaries of Copenhagen, adduced contemporary authorities, and indisputably genuine runic inscriptions, in proof of the visits of the Northmen to Greenland and the mainland of North America, before the close of the tenth century.

America was no farther from Tarshish in the golden age of Tyre than in the age of Henry the Navigator.

On the news, the king sent Amerigo Vespucci, who mapped the coast of South America and, Wilson says, wrested from Columbus the honor of giving his name to the continent.

The chief seat of the highest native American civilization is neither Mexico nor Peru, but Central America.

Tested by intervening centuries, the Maya monuments are not so venerable, but for America's chroniclings they are more prehistoric than the Assyrian mounds.

The races of America differ less in physical character from those of Asia than the races of Africa or of Europe do.

He warns, from the millions in America who are of African blood and yet speak Aryan languages, that linguistic and ethnical classifications are not the same thing.

Nothing in the resemblance is incompatible with a stepping-stone from Asia to America by the Pacific islands.

The languages that matter most, those of Central America, are only now receiving adequate attention.

So far as physical affinities can be relied on, the man of America, in his most characteristic diversities, is of Asiatic origin.

In Mexico it appears as a gift of recent origin, derived from Central America.

An Asiatic origin for the art of Tubal-cain has been pretty generally assumed for Central and South America, but only by inference.

Assume, for argument, a common population of Asia and America already familiar with metals, architecture, and sculpture, at a date coeval with the founding of Tyre, "the daughter of Sidon." Language does not help the postulate.

Hervas grouped them into eleven families, seven for the northern continent and four for South America.

Lucien Adam, in two papers for the Congres International des Americanistes, examined sixteen languages of North and South America and concluded that they belong to independent families, as essentially distinct as if there had primitively been several human pairs.

From that area southward through Central America, and in the seat of South American civilization, is where Wilson hopes for direct evidence of ancient intercourse.

That sustains the prevailing opinion that there is no direct affiliation between the languages of North and South America.

By an Atlantic oceanic migration, another wave of population occupied the Canaries, Madeiras, and the Azores, and so passed to the Antilles, Central America, and probably by the Cape Verdes, or, guided by the more southern equatorial current, to Brazil.

He does not think the question requires him to decide whether man in America was contemporary with the great extinct animals of the Quaternary.

The soundings of Behring Strait, and of the sea-bed south to the Aleutian Islands, accord with a former continuity of land between Asia and America.

In any view, the history of existing races, in Europe and in America, has to be studied apart from palaeocosmic man.

Those are to be looked for with greater probability in South America.

Quichua was the classical language of South America, in which, according to native historians, the Peruvian chroniclers and poets incorporated the national legends.

He calls Central America and Peru an occidental Assyria.

To that elder era, rather than to any date inside the remotest limits of authentic history, the languages of America seem to refer anyone who searches for a common origin with the eastern hemisphere.

But, whatever intercourse may possibly have then been carried on between the Old and the New World, it must be obvious, on mature reflection, that so recent a date for the peopling of South America from Asia is as little reconcilable with the very remote traces of linguistic affinity thus far adduced, as it is with any fancied relationship with a lost Atlantis of the elder world.

That class is assumed to have started from High Asia and passed to Babylonia, while another branch diffused itself by India and Indo-China and thence, by the Pacific islands, reached America.

Another and older influence, related to the Agaw of the Nile region, is traced in Guarani, Omagua, and other languages of South America, indicating more remote relations with the Old World and with Africa.

If still more ancient voyagers from Sidon, Tyre, or Seleucia did find their way to lands beyond the waste of waters, similar evidence may yet appear among the traces of native civilization in Central or South America.

The Maya stock appear to have made the greatest progress of all the communities of Central America.

The civilization of Mexico was a borrowed reflex of Central America, and its picture-writing is a very inferior imitation of the Maya hieroglyphs.

He sees no reason why the human intellect might not be started on the same course in Central America as in Mesopotamia or the Nile valley.

Attempts to connect Central and South America with Egypt fail as soon as the calendars are compared.

The Mexicans stood to Central America as the northern barbarians of the third and fourth century stood to Italy, and the intruding Spaniard nipped the germ in the bud.

Certain conclusion has to wait on the intelligent exploration of Central America.

The facilities were at least as abundant in Central and South America as in Egypt.

It would not surprise him to learn of a genuine Phoenician or other inscription, or of a hoard of Assyrian gryphons, or of shekels of the merchant princes of Tyre "that had knowledge of the sea," among the unexplored treasures of the buried empire of Montezuma or the deserted ruins of Central America.

But until such evidence is forthcoming, the legendary Atlantis must remain a myth, and pre-Columbian America be still credited with a self-achieved progress.

In 1874, digging mounds in the Ohio valley, he dined in a Welsh settlement a few miles from Newark, where a generation born in America still used Welsh, including the grace before dinner and the services of a Calvinistic Congregational church and a Methodist church.

A pamphleteer denounced Southey for attributing the discovery to "a vagabond Welsh prince" and so injuring Columbus and the honor of America.

He repeats that gradations from Indian picture-writing to the ideographs of Central and South America leave no necessity for a foreign source.

The Northmen supplied the maritime energy of Europe from the fifth to the tenth century, and he traces the rise of the Italian maritime republics, including the one that produced the discoverer of America, to that northern element.

Of their discovery of some portion of the mainland of North America before the eleventh century, he says there can be no reasonable doubt.

Pages 81 to 129 argue that trade, a division of labor, and a medium of exchange are already visible in the Stone Age, in Europe and in America.

He thinks the compass of American archaeology, even including the lettered races of Central and South America, is greatly circumscribed beside Europe, and that the simplicity has a compensating value.

Some stone tools still in use in America are as artless as anything in the drift, and the crudest modern work is not in the Arctic but in southern latitudes.

Charles Rau, in Ancient Aboriginal Trade in North America, says that fire on the hearths or altars now enclosed by sacrificial mounds was sometimes strong enough to melt deposited copper, and that this still did not induce the ancient inhabitants to work copper with fire.

Pages 185 to 245 are a comparison of imitative art, from the palaeolithic caves of Europe to the picture-writing, carving, and pottery of America.

The highest stage of civilization attained there is a very partial one, but an aptitude for imitative art is very widely diffused, from the rude Indian nomad and the Eskimo to the Zuni and the metallurgists and architects of Central America and Peru.

Nor is it established that the arts of Central America or Peru are of any very great antiquity.

Parkman, in The Jesuits in North America, is quoted with approval and with a limit.

From the rude condition of savage life, without metallurgy, subsisting solely by the chase, to the comparatively civilized nations of Mexico, Central America, and Peru, skilled in agriculture and possessed of a writing that embodied the essential germs of intellectual progress, that development was their own.

Blacket's Researches into the Lost Histories of America for the claims a later writer can set beside Plato, Diodorus, and the sunken-island readings of the Atlantic story.

The subtitle, as the title page prints it, says the zodiac is shown to be an old terrestrial map in which the Atlantic Isle is delineated, so that light can be thrown upon the obscure histories of the earthworks and ruined cities of America.

Title: Researches into the Lost Histories of America; or, The Zodiac shown to be an Old Terrestrial Map in which the Atlantic Isle is delineated.

What he claims: Ancient America is not a blank, and it is not a lost island in the middle of the Atlantic.

The zodiacs are terrestrial maps of the mythic ages, and the signs that will not fit Europe, Africa, and Asia are America, "set in the stars." Asiatic colonists crossed the Pacific.

Among Mediterranean writers America was called Oceanus.

261 he reads the three lots as the hemisphere itself: Ammon for North America, Poseidon for Central America, Pluto for South America.

Sagittarius for Central America, Chiron.

Coptic America is largely Regio Typhonis, and the centre of South America is Demonium statio, which he also prints Demonium Static (pp.

He does not print a year in which America, or any Atlantic island, went under.

America, he says, has no chapter in the ancient-history books.

In the dispersion recorded in the Bible, America and its people have no place.

The ruined cities of Mexico and Central America, and the earthworks of the United States, show races who left their homes.

Uxmal in Yucatan is, for him, the Pompeii of America (pp.

America is "the underground world of the Ancients." The materials for the geography and history of antediluvian America lie in the fragmentary traditions and cosmogonies of other lands (p.

America is concealed, and its histories are behind the curtain (p.

School maps called ancient, including those that go by the names of Herodotus and Strabo, and the earliest English map, which he puts in the 10th century, have no America.

Beyond that ocean is another land, which he reads as America.

Under these circumstances, it is plain, that Swetam dwipa and Suvarna are Hindoo names for North and South America.

America is "Set in the Stars."

In that zodiac America is portrayed as in the Ptolemaic, and called for the most part Regio Typhonis and Demonium Static (p.

Atlas the astronomer has to be looked for beyond the Atlantic, in America.

Sesha, in this book, is the seven-headed serpent of Central America and Mexico, so Garga went to America and brought the Mexican zodiac home (p.

More is reserved for Central America.

He reads this as Egypt knowing America under the name of the Atlantic Isle.

The earthquakes point to the volcanic regions of Central America and the Andes (p.

England is part of Europe, and "just as much a part of America, as it is of France," because the Atlantic is a depression in the crust.

America is veiled, and Africa, Europe, and Asia are overloaded with what does not belong to them (p.

He does not try, on this page, to identify those islands with America.

Then a stone at a village of Dolores, near Montevideo, in Brazil, from the preface of Brasseur de Bourbourg's Histoire des Nations Mexiques: Greek characters, a cave with two old swords, a cask, and a vase, and an inscription "Alexander, son of Philip, king of Macedonia, 63 Olym." He takes that as Macedonian intercourse with South America (pp.

The Odyssey is read as a voyage to the land of darkness, which the Hindoo map has already named as America.

Calypso is an Oceanide, a daughter of Atlas, already located by him in Central America.

He says this Oriental tradition is taken from the Atlantic Isle of Plato, which is nothing other than the continent of America.

That land is America.

The great deities of Asia belong to the empires of Asia, not to America.

He refuses to make Tethys simply South America.

Blacket's reading is that they are strangers who, on a river, become river gods, an illustration of Oceanus as father of the gods, and evidence of early intercourse between America and the Mediterranean (p.

She heads the Titan race, and her husband and children will embody Mexico and Central America (p.

He puts Nereus on the west coast of North America, because the Nereids will reappear as wives of the dragon, and the serpent is the portrait of Mexico, the land of the temples and pyramids (p.

He calls her a general embodiment of the motherhood of the half-caste races of prehistoric, or antediluvian, America, the sea monster on which Oceanus reposes (p.

Typhon, in the Coptic zodiac, delineates the whole of America, north and south.

Cerberus stands at the eastern and southern entrance to North America.

Euryale is a daughter of Minos, whom later chapters put in Peru, so she stands for a settlement on the west shores of South America.

Stheno stands for the earthworks of North America.

The gods and stem-fathers of European races must, on this reading, be sought in the forests of North America (pp.

The poetical astronomers treated the west coast of South America as especially demoniacal.

He puts the Balance in the north-west of South America, but Styx lives at the entrance of Hades, and Cerberus is constellated over the Caribbean Sea, "which carries his name to this day," so Styx ought to be the gulf of Texas, a gulf that bears her name, flowing in nine bays (p.

The snake of the Ptolemaic zodiac, Draco, the Serpent, and Serpentarius, surround what he considers North America.

These three are Asiatic races who colonized America.

Names of Vishnu, Hari, Bhagavat, Madava, and the incarnations, are ethnological or geographical names of prehistoric America, most of them migrations into India, some direct from the east, some across Europe, some through Africa (p.

Both locate, by the Ptolemaic zodiac, along the west coast of North America.

Mexico was the most important part of America in the mythic ages (p.

He introduces two outline maps of North America with the zodiacal figures drawn on them, at pp.

The isthmus of Central America is a figure with a bow and arrow, a Ptolemaic Sagittarius, a son of Pan, named Regnum Arueris.

That brings the Copts into Central America as their original home (p.

The rest of North America is Typhon, in three figures.

The Egyptian idea of North America is the wars of Typhon and Horus (pp.

Cerberus stands at the right hand of the map, at the entrance to America, north and south (p.

Pan is father of Sagittarius and belongs to Central America.

Another oval, answering to Central America, is seven small circles, seven planetary powers, beginning with Adonai.

South America appears as spheres for the wicked.

North America has just been made the egg of the world, so the act is the discovery and colonization of that land.

Demons at the other end of the rope, and the Coptic Regnum demonium on the western shores of South America, put the voyage in America (pp.

The serpent locates the settlement on the western shores of North America (p.

He reads this as Chinese and Mongolian colonization of the western shores of North and South America.

The Copts give the name Typhon to both North and South America, so the boats are an Asiatic colonization (p.

Later studies, he says, will show that this ship went to South America (p.

He defers it, as better understood with Asia than with America (pp.

America is the land of the giants.

He will show, in the mound chapter, that Ymir is Hercules in an earlier form, so Ginnungagap is the Icelandic name of North America.

The rime giants were Greenlanders, or Esquimaux, or races in the high north of America who had crossed the Atlantic early and entered the Icelandic and Norwegian population.

This introduces the history of America as written by real historians of Sicily and Phoenicia, not by writers of myths (p.

America is in the old maps.

But for the theory of the sunken isle, it must always have been taken for the history of America.

Applied to America, the story shows American races who received Asiatic blood and, in the course of ages, migrated into the old continent and laid the basis of the modern world (p.

The race must have come from America.

They were turned into the crown, the north-west shores of America.

Atlas has the centre of the Atlantic Isle, so that portion of the colonists went to Central America.

The mound cities are in the north, Central America in the south.

The Atlantides, spoken of as the Pleiades, represent seven provinces in Central America.

Asiatic blood mixed with western America created the dragon.

The second half of the line waits until the book leaves Central America (p.

The constellations he has localized over America are about a third of the starry heaven, and America is about a third of the globe (p.

Resemblances to Mexico and Central America mean affinity with the serpent lands.

Central America proper is the isthmus, an inlet and outlet for both divisions of the hemisphere.

Placed in Central America, Chiron recovers his consequence as the brother of Jupiter.

His parentage makes him the preoccupants of North America coming into the garden-land of the isthmus from the woods and prairies.

The Atlantic claim is the portraiture itself: Sagittarius is Central America, and Central America is the middle of the Atlantic Isle.

From the details, Plato is really describing Central America.

The names he finds in Central America: Utatlan, capital of Quiche, "the large and rich capital court of the native kings," and the castle of Atalaya, a round tower, the most striking ruin, defending it.

Rafinesque puts at the head of the Indian races the tribe of Atalan or Otolan, glossed by Cutan, in Central America (p.

80, are the seven provinces of Central America.

167, they are one of the seven divisions of North America (p.

A pavement at Lyons shows Silvanus, Pan, and Cupid together, and all three belong to Central America (pp.

The constellation answers to the Caribbean Sea, at the entrance of the gulf of Texas and so of all America.

Dardanus, son of Electra by Jupiter, had a fleet of twelve flying horses between Central America and Britain.

Sagittarius is the portrait of Central America, so it ties Ireland to that land as well as the myth of Iris does.

In the Coptic portrait of Central America the human hand is one of the figures, called Arueris.

South America is a blank of a deeper kind.

North America has had its annals told by at least three historians, obscure and fragmentary.

A ship with a rudder matches a Peruvian raft, rudder of the same construction and in the same position, and also matches boats on the tombs of Egypt, which raises the suspicion that South America was among the countries visited by the navigators of the old world (p.

The lost-land claim is the same as for the north: South America is on the zodiac, so it was part of the known world.

Typhon's seat is in the Scorpion, over which sign he triumphs, so the Typhonian race that settled in Mexico spread into this region, as it also spread over North America (p.

They mingled with the Guarani, the aboriginal race of the greater part of South America.

In the centre of the Coptic South America a human figure is designated Tirenicorum and described as Demonium statio.

He now reads them as the three divisions of the Atlantic Island: Ammon has North America, Poseidon Central America, and Pluto South America.

Poseidon has already been given Central America.

Pluto in South America is exactly where the Copts put the land of demons, and it brings him into the province of La Plata, the river being the thing that longest retains an old name (p.

They were civilizers, in possession of ships, a junction of Asia and America (p.

South America was known, and called the demon's station.

Entrusted to Chiron, Aeneas crosses the Pacific and settles on the west coast of South America, because Chiron is embodied in Sagittarius and the Centaur overhangs Peru.

Horses and bulls, he notes, are said not to have been native to South America, though some disbelieve the Spaniards and one traveller says the horsemanship of the pampas means riding had always existed there.

On the Ophite map the upper circles, mystically Behemoth, for the northern parts of South America, carry the names Suriel, Gabriel, Erathaoth, which he prints Erathoth, Michael, and Raphael.

The Lemures, he says, are correctly located on the west coast of South America, because the Romans celebrated festivals in their honour called Lemuria, or Lemuralia, in the month of May, first instituted by Romulus to appease the manes of Remus, from whom they were called Remuria, or by corruption Lemuria.

The Manaos of South America precede the Manes of Europe.

That puts the departure of the Peruvian giants from South America before the Inca (p.

By his first wife, Itone, he has Lycastus, father of Minos the second, king of Crete, so there were migrations from South America across the Atlantic and up the Mediterranean to Crete, carrying the code of laws.

The empires of Iran owe some of their greatness to South America.

Assyrian, Babylonian, and Median greatness, the five great monarchies, cannot be understood unless America is brought within the events (p.

Tahiti may have been an out-station of the same Asiatic settlements found in America (p.

Australia is a blank on the ancient maps, like America, but its position makes it hard to believe it was unvisited if there was common maritime intercourse.

Australia was a known part of the ancient world, and its inhabitants were acquainted with America (p.

The costume is the last remains of the attire of the races who forsook the mound cities and the ruined cities of Central America.

America has had histories of the highest importance, and its people have played a great role in the other three quarters of the globe.

America was the domicile of Europe's gods.

When myth gave way to natural writing, America stands forth as the Atlantic Isle, divided into the three divisions it is now found to have, north, south, and central.

Sagittarius, Central America, is associated with Chiron, a son of Saturn, one of the most renowned kings of the Atlantic Isle.

The Atlantides are in the Atalan, or Cutan, the native race of Central America and Yucatan.

In South America, Typhoeus is in the Tupi (pp.

Central America was even more civilized.

It will add another star to the banner of the Stars and Stripes when the literati of the United States produce a record in which America and the American people are put into their proper place in history (p.

A submarine spit runs from the southern side toward South America, and another ridge branches toward St Paul's.

stretching from Europe to America, destroyed in a single cataclysm, and civilising America at that date, is, he says, opposed to Mexican and Central American history.

He calls Le Plongeon's colonisation of Central America by Atlanteans 11,500 years ago an absurd contention (p.

America on American soil.

He answers Professor Perry, writing in The Nation, on an Egyptian penetration of Central America by a Pacific route.

He rejects it as the main explanation, and he says Perry's "Children of the Sun" formula breaks down for Mexico and Central America, where terrace-irrigation, pearl-fishing, and metalworking are not the standing features the formula requires.

He dates his own change of view on Egyptian influence in America as far back as 1916.

Kuntze is cited for the seedless banana in Asia and America before the discovery.

From it Spence takes Haug's Tertiary chains from Venezuela to Morocco and from the Lesser Antilles to Portugal, and Scharff's conclusion that Madeira and the Azores were connected with Portugal up to Miocene times, and that a vast land stretched from Morocco to the Canaries and on to South America, as far as St Helena.

He says the Atlantean hypothesis has nothing to gain from the admission that the island once lay closer to Europe and America than the present ocean gap.

The rabbit may have reached the Azores and Europe from America by the old land connection.

He is not advocating a direct land connection between southern Europe and America by way of the Atlantic islands.

One land-bridge, in southern latitudes, joined Africa and South America, farther south than the islands.

Very few range into North America, and none has been found in Asia.

On the molluscs he uses a monograph of the Atlantic islands, Testacea Atlantica, London, 1878: land-shells shared by Europe, the West Indies, and Central America imply an ancient connection ruptured toward the close of the Miocene.

Certain ants occur both in the Azores and in America.

A species of the African family Dorylidae is also found in South America.

Sixty per cent of the butterflies and moths of the Canaries are of Mediterranean origin, and 20 per cent of these are found in America.

In America they kept the large size they had in Europe in the Miocene.

An Atlantis of later times, say 9000 B.C., stretching from Europe to America, destroyed by one cataclysm, and colonising and civilising the American continent at that period, is opposed to all that is known of Mexican and Central American history.

With it he places the contention of Le Plongeon that Central America was colonised by Atlanteans 11,500 years ago, and what he calls the rhetorical rubbish Brasseur published.

Maya chronology, the one generally accepted for Central America, is the clock he trusts.

He confines himself to what he thinks is Atlantean-Antillean tradition, and more especially Antillean, because America owed more to the western and later portion than to the eastern.

The migration in a world where there was no sun, and the passage over a sea whose waters were divided, he reads as a volcanic ridge, temporary or otherwise, by which they passed from Antilia to America.

Landa's alphabet was hailed as the Rosetta Stone of America, and decipherment by it was only partly successful.

It was supposed to be the joint invention of Quetzalcoatl, the first Atlantean coloniser of Central America, and the old gods Cipactonal and Oxomoco, whom he equates with the old ones of the Popol Vuh, the serpents covered with green and blue feathers.

When Cortes invaded Central America from Mexico he found a regular maritime commerce from the Laguna del Terminos, and the Maya supplied charts of the coast.

Recent research, he says, has made it clear that the civilisations of Egypt and America sprang from one common source.

Spence thinks that if Egyptian civilisation reached America it did so by a shorter route than Asia, and that ideas which still look purely Egyptian could not have passed an Asiatic filter without greater alteration than they show.

Chinese, Cambodian, and Polynesian influences did impinge on America.

The Egyptian culture in Central America was as untouched by Asia, in its passage, as later European culture was.

Canopic jars appear in the border regions where Maya and Mexican cultures mingle, which he takes as a sign that the Maya, the older race, began the practice in America.

In Egypt the steps were filled in and the sides smoothed, and the same was frequently done in Mexico and Central America.

The first hypotheses do not bring this type of culture to America.

The people as a whole were no more Atlantean than the races of Central America.

In America the plan of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, in the letters of Cortes to Charles V, resembles Plato's city.

The ku, or pyramid-temple, of Central America stands on an artificial mound.

The pyramid in Egypt, Central America, and Mexico is a reminiscence of the Atlantean sacred hill.

In Central America a shrine stands on the summit.

A longer submarine spit or peninsula connects its southern side with South America, which may account for the Andean and Inca civilisations and for their difference from Mexico and Central America.

From that spit, almost at the junction with South America, another ridge runs to the West African island of St Paul's.

Mexico and Central America were still in the Stone Age when Europeans found them, and the life was as advanced, as complex, and as colourful as that of China a generation ago.

The Atlantis of the period before the final catastrophe enjoyed a civilisation closely akin to ancient Central America.

The theology was the prototype of the mysteries found in the East and in America, which have influenced mystical societies to the present day.

With it went the cult of the twin, widespread in Asia, Europe, and America.

For Donnelly's Atlantic America, which Phelon cites and which Daniel Wilson both supports and corrects, see Atlantis: The Antediluvian World and The Destruction of Atlantis.

He says the historical period would hardly fill a magazine article, and then he puts the land over the West Indian Archipelago, on the same kind of reading by which the shape of North America tells of an inland sea that broke out at the Thousand Islands and left the Mississippi valley.

Phelon adds that Aztec tradition confirms it, and he asks where the people of South America came from, and who built the forest-covered cities of Yucatan and Central America.

Wilson declares the lost Atlantis was not a myth, but really a part of the continent of America.

Traces of those Egyptians are to be sought in the ruined cities of Central America.

The clipping says Atlantis was a continent larger than Asia and Africa put together, with islands at its western extremity that afforded passage to a large continent lying still beyond, now supposed to be South America.

Phelon says this city is described in full in Future Rulers of America, and has been visited by persons in the body who were permitted to do so.

Lemuria should no more be confounded with the Atlantis continent than Europe with America.

The chamber was ceiled and floored, sides, top, and bottom, with wood from the country to be known later as South America, but then a large island.