Lords of the Earth – Judges

Biglino notes the term “Judges” is derived from the Hebrew word “shoftim,” and the Book of Judges is called “Shoftim” in Hebrew. He points out that one of the most significant issues in the Bible is the meaning of “Elohim,” which theology has interpreted from plural to singular.

He emphasizes that when referring to the Judges, the Bible never uses the term “Elohim.” Instead, it uses terms like “shoftim” or “malché-eretz” (Lords of the Earth) and “roznim” (rulers). This distinction is crucial, according to Biglino, as it suggests that while the Elohim might have exercised judicial functions, they were not the same as the Judges.

The Judges in Israel’s history, as described in the Book of Judges in the Hebrew Bible, are traditionally categorized as Major and Minor Judges based on the extent of their narratives and roles.

Major Judges

The Major Judges are six figures prominently featured in the Book of Judges for their leadership in delivering Israel from enemies, often described as being directly called by Yahweh during times of crisis. They are:

1. Othniel – Delivered Israel from Cushan-Rishathaim, king of Aram-Naharaim (Judges 3:7-11).
2. Ehud – Defeated Eglon, king of Moab, freeing Israel from Moabite oppression (Judges 3:12-30).
3. Deborah – A prophetess and judge who, with Barak, led Israel to victory over the Canaanite king Jabin and his commander Sisera (Judges 4-5).
4. Gideon – Defeated the Midianites with a small army, as directed by Yahweh (Judges 6-8).
5. Jephthah – Led Israel against the Ammonites, securing victory but known for his tragic vow (Judges 10:6-12:7).
6. Samson – Fought against the Philistines, known for his great strength and exploits (Judges 13-16).

Minor Judges

The Minor Judges are figures with briefer mentions in the Book of Judges, often described as administrative or judicial leaders over specific tribes or regions, with less focus on military deliverance. They are:

1. Shamgar – Known for killing 600 Philistines with an oxgoad, though his narrative is brief (Judges 3:31).
2. Tola – Judged Israel for 23 years, from the tribe of Issachar, with no major military exploits recorded (Judges 10:1-2).
3. Jair – Judged Israel for 22 years, from Gilead, noted for having 30 sons who rode donkeys and controlled 30 towns (Judges 10:3-5).
4. Ibzan – Judged Israel for 7 years, from Bethlehem, known for having 30 sons and 30 daughters (Judges 12:8-10).
5. Elon – Judged Israel for 10 years, from the tribe of Zebulun, with minimal details provided (Judges 12:11-12).
6. Abdon – Judged Israel for 8 years, from Ephraim, noted for having 40 sons and 30 grandsons who rode donkeys (Judges 12:13-15).

Notes

• The distinction between Major and Minor Judges is based on the narrative detail in the Book of Judges. Major Judges have extensive stories of military leadership, while Minor Judges are described briefly, often with a focus on their judicial or administrative roles.
• Some scholars debate whether Shamgar should be classified as a Major or Minor Judge due to his brief but heroic mention. He is typically grouped with the Minor Judges because of the brevity of his account.
• The roles and stories of the Judges reflect the cyclical pattern of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance in the Book of Judges, with Major Judges playing a more prominent role in this cycle.