Table of Contents
Introduction
The speaker shares Navajo (Diné) perspectives on wealth, money, and the impact of European contact on their cultural values and practices.
Traditional Navajo Concept of Wealth
Historically, the Navajo people did not place high value on money; instead, they valued jewelry, which represented wealth and personal accomplishment. Turquoise jewelry, concho belts, and bracelets were worn, symbolizing status and the hard work of the wearer.
Influence of European Contact
With the arrival of Europeans in 1492, and later the Spaniards in 1520, Navajo people were introduced to new materials and ideas, including metal currency. Previously, the Navajo used trade systems involving herbs, plants, foods, stones, animal skins, and furs. Metals, specifically coins, became a new form of trade introduced through contact with Europeans.
Metals in Navajo Culture and Symbolism
Navajo ceremonial songs and prayers reference metals as armor, with each type representing different aspects of the world. Gold, silver, copper, and iron represent directions and elements in sacred teachings:
- East: Silver (white metal)
- South: Copper (blue metal)
- West: Gold or brass (yellow metal)
- North: Iron (black metal)
These metals carry spiritual significance, marking directions and the elements of the universe.
Conflicts with the Spanish
For over 300 years, the Navajo experienced conflict with the Spanish, which often involved raids on settlements and taking captives. Navajo captives were usually adopted into Navajo clans, while Spanish captives were frequently forced into slavery. The Spanish also compelled the Navajo to work in mines, a practice that went against Navajo beliefs about respecting the earth.
Adoption of Spanish Language and Currency
Through extended contact with the Spanish, the Navajo people adopted the Spanish language and concepts of currency. The Navajo term for money, “béeso,” derives from Spanish, reflecting the introduction of metal coins and structured currency. Despite this adaptation, traditional wealth—symbolized by jewelry, livestock, and natural resources—remained central.
Evolution of Navajo Wealth and Economy
The Navajo incorporated livestock, particularly sheep and horses, into their economy. Ownership of large herds became a symbol of wealth and leadership within the community. However, in the 1930s, U.S. government policies led to the destruction of Navajo livestock herds, severely impacting their economy and cultural practices related to animal husbandry.
Government Control and Navajo Resources
Under federal control, Navajo lands and resources are held in trust by the U.S. government. This system restricts Navajo ownership, limiting opportunities for building wealth independently. Misconceptions persist about Navajo financial independence; however, resources like land, water, and minerals are controlled federally, hindering local economic growth.
Navajo Jewelry and Symbolism
Jewelry remains a powerful symbol within Navajo culture, linking individuals to spiritual teachings. Wearing turquoise, silver, and other sacred metals serves as a reminder of Navajo history and cosmology. Each piece represents different stages of existence and a connection to the sacred worlds of the Navajo belief system.
Conclusion
The Navajo concept of wealth extends beyond money to embody a spiritual, cultural, and economic legacy. Jewelry and livestock signify Navajo heritage, resilience, and respect for traditions, while economic understanding remains a challenge within the framework of government regulations. The teachings emphasize the importance of understanding and valuing Navajo wealth in both spiritual and material aspects of life.