They worked in gold, silver, copper, bronze, and iron; they tempered iron to the hardness of steel.
524, 525), "with blue figures on a white ground;" also bronze composed of the same elements of copper and tin in like proportions; coins made of copper, round and T-shaped, and even metallic candlesticks.
When a civilized nation comes in contact with a barbarous people they seek to trade with them for those things which they need; a metal-working people, manufacturing weapons of iron or copper, will seek for the useful metals, and hence we find iron, copper, tin, and lead coming into use as a standard of values--as money; for they can always be converted into articles of use and weapons of war.
It was impossible to make either of them into pots or pans, swords or spears; they were not necessarily more beautiful than glass or the combinations of tin and copper.
A round copper coin with a serpent stamped on it was found at Palenque, and T-shaped copper coins are very abundant in the ruins of Central America.
This too we can understand, for copper was necessary in every work of art or utility.
Jon—that is, “Given”—was a sea-king, born at Alderga, who sailed from the Flymeer with a fleet of 127 ships fitted out for a long voyage, and laden with amber, tin, copper, cloth, linen, felt, otter-skins, beaver and rabbit skins.
And there were destroyed, in one year, more than five million books, and one million tablets of stone and copper; being the destruction of the books of the ancients, for upward of twenty thousand years.
And there were here destroyed more than two million books and one million tablets, of stone and copper.
Write Him in stone and iron, copper, silver and gold.
What are the signs of the ear, the triangle and the square, the evil quarters, the wedge and the vessels of copper?
And he should have a Mukagawin, the true sign of poverty, and it should be his jewel, made of copper and gold.
Here are iron, and copper, and granite, and water, and lead, and clay, and nitrogen, and oxygen, and hydrogen, and various other kinds of corporeal substances, as known on the earth, and besides these, millions of things not known on the earth.
In the first quickening of eyes, they partook of the color of the vortexian lights at that time; and even so at the same period of time were colored the skins of mortals, and according to their surroundings, some light, some dark, and some red, or yellow, or copper-colored.
Moses grew and became a large man, being a pure I'huan, copper-colored and of great strength.
Like Moses, Chine was of copper color, and very large, but his hair was red, like a fox, and he was bashful and of few words.
He built schools and colleges, nurseries and hospitals, and factories for silk cloth, and linen cloth, and cotton cloth, and for paper; and factories for making glass, and leather; and factories for smelting iron, and copper, and silver, and gold.
Whether they have an idol of stone, or of wood, or of gold, or of copper, they should be destroyed.
Thus laid the three great countries, Arabin'ya, Parsi'e and Heleste, of which Parsi'e was mightiest, peopled with very giants; lofty-bearing men and women, of red, copper colored; and with an abundance of long black hair; high in the nose and cheek bones; with determined jaws, and eyes to charm and command; mostly full-blooded I'huans, half-breeds between the I'huans and the burrowers in the ground, the brown people, dull and stupid.
And whether of fish, or worm, or stone, or ores, or iron, or silver, or gold, or copper, they had learned to read its worth and nature.
Wherein the manufacture of copper or iron, or other things, require more than two thousand people, there should be another city, with five breadths of the first city between them.
Abram was of pure blood, an I'huan; and the light of su-is had been with his forefathers and foremothers since the flood, and he was large and red, like new copper, and had black hair and long beard, fierce to look upon; but his soul was gentle as a woman's.
Behold, the king send you gold, silver and copper, saying: Brahma is good!
Brahma send the king's servant, even the captain-general, back to the king, with his gold, silver and copper, saying: Deal you with thy Creator and not with men!
The captain-general departed and returned with his gold, silver and copper to the king, and told the king Brahma's words.
But never more should thou dwell with druks, nor with the new red-born, those with faces like new copper.
Lanoughl was the son of Toogaoogahaha, who was the son of Eviphraiganakukuwonpan, who was the son of Oyoyughstuhaipawehaha, who built the canal (oseowa) of Papaeunugheutowa, which extended from the sea of Hoola'hoola'pan (Lake Superior) to the plains of Aigonquehanelachahoba (Texas), near the sea of Sociapan, where dwelt Heothahoga, king of kings, whose temple was roofed with copper and silver.
Of ten thousand boats (canoes) was the canal, extending along, carrying copper and silver from the north regions to the cities of the valley of Hapembapanpan, and to the cities of the mountains of Oaramgallachacha, and to Ghiee, home of Honga the first, the mightiest of red men.
Here was the temple of Giloff, with a thousand columns of polished mahogany, and with a dome of copper and silver.
The angels also taught man to make pots and kettles; to burn the clay in suitable shape; to find copper ore and silver ore, and gold and lead for the floors of the oracle chambers, clean and white shining, suitable for angels.
And they taught man how to soften copper like dough; how to harden copper like flint rock, for axes and mattocks for building canals; taught man how to work the ore in the fire and melt it; and how to make lead into sheets, like cloth.
And I'tura, wise in wickedness, said: Go to the temples, the places of shining copper and silver, to the oracles, and obsess them, every one.
And there came up a sprout of the seed of Honga, an I'huan; taller than any other man with a bright shining face of copper; shining as if all the destroyed temples glistened in his broad head.
Of all colors (black, white, yellow, copper, red and brown) were the tribes of Ham; nevertheless, they were I'hins (Faithists), having flat nails and short arms, and of such as desired to acquire knowledge.
Nevertheless, they were all of the same blood and kin, being half-breeds between the I'hins and the native druks; and they were large, and mostly of the color of new copper.
And in all these countries there were made images of stone and copper, and engravings thereon of the children of Noe, and of the flood, and of the sacred tribes, Shem, Ham and Jaffeth.
To the great cities of O'wan'gache and Nathon; and Neshesh, and Tesumethgad, and Naphal; and Yeshuah, by the Lake Owane (Nicaragua), here stand the tower of Rakowana, shining with copper and silver and gold.
And to the north land of Uphsic and E'chaung, where begin the still river Eph'su (a canal), running to the wide oceans, Vid and Sajins (Lakes Superior and Michigan), where the I'huans dig deep down and bring copper and silver and lead in boats to the King of Avaya, I'huan monarch and good protector.
Then I came to the city of Ta'zuntqua, a place for the yearly dance in the valley of On-outsi, where the rab'bah's temple is covered with copper, polished; and I asked the same question.
The Lord said: These that build temples of hewn stone, and cover them with polished copper, are not my people.
They dress not in gaudy colors, nor ornament themselves with copper and silver and gold.
They survey the way for the canals; they find the square and the arch; they lead the I'huan to the mines, where lead and copper and silver are buried.
Now will I raise up prophets amongst the I'huans, the copper-colored race.
And they had long hair, black and coarse; but their skin was brown, copper-colored; and their arms were short, like the I'hins.
These I'huans were copper colored and were capable of speech.
For in the time of kosmon their relics should be testimony that the I'hin forerun the I'huan, the copper-colored, race in all the world.
But the brown people burnt with desires, and they laid hold of the I'hin women when they went into the fields, and forced them, and thus brought forth again the I'huan race, the copper colored, strong and bright and quick.
The I'huans were red like copper; and they were taller and stronger than any other people in all the world.
Thence we obtained copper and iron, as well as tar and pitch, and some other necessaries.
They have weapons of stone, the Magyars of copper.
When they were well established, their merchants exchanged their beautiful copper weapons and all sorts of jewels for our iron weapons and hides of wild beasts, which were abundant in our southern countries; but the Golen celebrated all sorts of vile and monstrous festivals, which the inhabitants of the coast promoted with their wanton women and sweet poisonous wine.
Jon—that is, “Given”—was a sea-king, born at Alberga, who sailed from the Flymeer with a fleet of 127 ships fitted out for a long voyage, and laden with amber, tin, copper, cloth, linen, felt, otter-skins, beaver and rabbit skins.
A good hundred years ago Denmark began to trade; they gave their iron weapons in exchange for gold ornaments, as well as for copper and iron-ore.
The Copper Scroll is one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, a collection of ancient Jewish texts discovered in the Qumran Caves near the Dead Sea between 1947 and 1956.
What sets the Copper Scroll apart from the other Dead Sea Scrolls is that it is not written on parchment or papyrus but engraved on metal—specifically copper.
Discovery Date: The Copper Scroll was discovered in 1952 in Cave 3 at Qumran.
Material: It is made from two rolls of copper sheets, approximately 2.4 meters in total length when unrolled.
The Copper Scroll is particularly notable because, unlike the other Dead Sea Scrolls, which are primarily religious texts, biblical manuscripts, or community rules, this scroll contains a kind of treasure map.
Temple Treasures: Some scholars believe the Copper Scroll may be related to the treasures of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which were hidden before the Roman destruction of the Temple in 70 CE.
Construction: The scroll was made of two thin sheets of copper mixed with about 1% tin.
The copper was hammered into a workable sheet and inscribed using a sharp tool.
Distinctiveness: The Copper Scroll's linguistic style is quite different from that of the other scrolls.
Restoration: The scroll had to undergo careful restoration, as the copper was highly corroded.
The Copper Scroll references various locations, many of which use ancient and sometimes cryptic names that are difficult to identify with modern sites.
The general nature of the Copper Scroll’s descriptions leaves much open to interpretation and has led to considerable debate among archaeologists and scholars.
Description: Ceramic pots containing a copper cylinder and an iron rod, possibly used as an early form of electrochemical cell or battery.
Description: One of the Dead Sea Scrolls, this ancient copper scroll lists locations for treasures in unusual detail, but no one has successfully uncovered the hidden hoards it mentions.
They used copper lances and iron spears to pierce holes in the land, and the water drained away.
Bubo led his people to open the copper sluice gate of the heavenly river a crack, but Thunder God closed it tight and lifted heaven higher so the people couldn't come again.
Gold, silver, copper, and iron represent directions and elements in sacred teachings:
South: Copper (blue metal)
Use of Crystals: Crystals, particularly copper and grounding stones, are suggested to help maintain and direct energy flow, blocking unwanted energies.
Stone tools remained essential, but advancements in material use, such as early pottery and copper use, began to emerge.
Unlike stone, which was easy to find and use in caves, copper required extraction and smelting, processes that could only develop in stable, resource-abundant environments.
Around 8,000 BC, signs of copper usage reappear in archaeological sites, pointing to a gradual resurgence of metallurgy.
The Bronze Age, when the great mass of implements were manufactured of a compound metal, consisting of about nine parts of copper and one part of tin.
In the first place, it was observed that the age of bronze (a compound of copper and tin) must, in the natural order of things, have been preceded by an age when copper and tin were used separately, before the ancient metallurgists had discovered the art of combining them, and yet in Europe the remains of no such age have been found.
59), "The absence of implements made either of copper or tin seems to me to indicate that the art of making bronze was introduced into, not invented in, Europe." The absence of articles of copper is especially marked, nearly all the European specimens of copper implements have been found in Ireland; and yet out of twelve hundred and eighty-three articles of the Bronze Age, in the great museum at Dublin, only thirty celts and one sword-blade are said to be made of pure copper; and even as to some of these there seems to be a question.
Where on the face of the earth are we to find a Copper Age?
In America, from Bolivia to Lake Superior, we find everywhere the traces of a long-enduring Copper Age; bronze existed, it is true, in Mexico, but it held the same relation to the copper as the copper held to the bronze in Europe--it was the exception as against the rule.
And among the Chippeways of the shores of Lake Superior, and among them alone, we find any traditions of the origin of the manufacture of copper implements; and on the shores of that lake we find pure copper, out of which the first metal tools were probably hammered before man had learned to reduce the ore or run the metal into moulds.
And on the shores of this same American lake we find the ancient mines from which some people, thousands of years ago, derived their supplies of copper.
Wilde says, "It is remarkable that so few antique copper implements have been found (in Europe), although a knowledge of that metal must have been the preliminary stage in the manufacture of bronze." He thinks that this may be accounted for by supposing that "but a short time elapsed between the knowledge of smelting and casting copper ore and the introduction of tin, and the subsequent manufacture and use of bronze."
But here we have in America the evidence that thousands of years must have elapsed during which copper was used alone, before it was discovered that by adding one-tenth part of tin it gave a harder edge, and produced a superior metal.
It was this people who passed through an age of copper before they reached the age of bronze, and whose colonies in America represented this older form of metallurgy as it existed for many generations.
But we are met by the objection that, if this were so, the natives, like the ancient tribes of America, would have commenced by manufacturing utensils of copper; yet thus far no utensils of this metal have been found except a few in the strand of Lake Garda.
It would appear, therefore, more natural to admit that the art of combining tin with copper--in other words, that the manufacture of bronze--was of foreign importation." He then shows that, although copper ores are found in the Alps, the probability is that even "the copper also was of foreign importation.
And as this commerce could not, as we have seen, have been carried on by the Romans, Greeks, Etruscans, or Phœnicians, because their civilizations flourished during the Iron Age, to which this age of bronze was anterior, where then are we to look for a great maritime and commercial people, who carried vast quantities of copper, tin, and bronze (unalloyed by the lead of the south of Europe) to Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Ireland, England, France, Spain, Switzerland, and Italy?
The Toltec root for water is Atl; the Peruvian word for copper is Anti (from which, probably, the Andes derived their name, as there was a province of Anti on their slopes): may it not be that the name of Atlantis is derived from these originals, and signified the copper island, or the copper mountains in the sea?
And from these came the thousands of tons of copper and tin that must, during the Bronze Age, have been introduced into Europe?
Or, if we are to seek for the source of the vast amount of copper brought into Europe somewhere else than in Atlantis, may it not be that these supplies were drawn in large part from the shores of Lake Superior in America?
The copper, the result of their mining, to be available, must, in all probability, have been conveyed in vessels, great or small, across a treacherous and stormy sea, whose dangers are formidable to us now, being dreaded even by our largest craft, and often proving their destruction.
As regards bronze, there is first the discovery of copper, and the way of getting it from its ore; then the discovery of tin, and the way to get it from its ore; and then the further discovery that, by an admixture of tin with copper in proper proportions, an alloy with the qualities of a hard metal can be produced.
It seems highly improbable, if not altogether absurd, that the human mind, at some particular stage of its development, should here, there, and everywhere--independently, and as the result of reaching that stage--discover that an alloy of copper and tin yields a hard metal useful in the manufacture of tools and weapons.
The copper mines of the Basques were extensively worked at a very early age of the world, either by the people of Atlantis or by the Basques themselves, a colony from Atlantis.
Copper Spear-head, Lake Superior.
Copper Axe, From A Mound Near Laporte, Indiana.
Copper Axe, Wateford Ireland.
Compare this picture of a copper axe from a mound near Laporte, Indiana, with this representation of a copper axe of the Bronze Age, found near Waterford, Ireland.
Professor Foster calls attention to the striking resemblance in the designs of these two widely separated works of art, one belonging to the Bronze Age of Europe, the other to the Copper Age of America.
in Europe, Asia, or Africa no copper or tin age prior to the Bronze Age, is conclusive testimony that the manufacture of bronze was an importation into those continents from some foreign country.
The fact that in America alone of all the world is found the Copper Age, which must necessarily have preceded the Bronze Age, teaches us to look to the westward of Europe and beyond the sea for that foreign country.
We find many similarities in forms of implements between the Bronze Age of Europe and the Copper Age of America.
As we find but a small development of the Bronze Age in America, it is reasonable to suppose that there must have been some intermediate station between America and Europe, where, during a long period of time, the Bronze Age was developed out of the Copper Age, and immense quantities of bronze implements were manufactured and carried to Europe.
Tens of thousands of years have passed since the Stone Age; the ages of copper, bronze, and iron bare intervened; and yet to this day the Hebrew rabbi performs the ceremony of circumcision with a stone knife.
Almost every shade, from the ash-color of the Menominees through the cinnamon-red, copper, and bronze tints, may be found among the tribes formerly occupying the territory cast of the Mississippi, until we reach the dark-skinned Kaws of Kansas, who are nearly as black as the negro.
"The Dakota child is of lighter complexion than the young brave; this one lighter than the middle-aged man, and the middle-aged man lighter than the superannuated homo, who, by smoke, paint, dirt, and a drying up of the vital juices, appears to be the true copper-colored Dakota.
Some of the Ethiopians were "copper-colored." ("'Amer.
Metallurgy.--The Atlanteans mined ores, and worked in metals; they used copper, tin, bronze, gold, and silver, and probably iron.
The age of bronze, or of copper combined with tin, was preceded in America, and nowhere else, by a simpler age of copper; and, therefore, the working of metals probably originated in America, or in some region to which it was tributary.
Then some one (if we are to believe the Chippeway legends, on the shores of Lake Superior) found fragments of the pure copper of that region, beat them into shape, and the art of metallurgy was begun; iron was first worked in the same way by shaping meteoric iron into spear-heads.