In 1862, José María Melgar y Serrano made the first recorded discovery of an Olmec head at the site of Tres Zapotes, Mexico.
These works argued that during the height of Olmec civilization (approximately 800–600 BCE), a hypothetical African civilization crossed the Atlantic Ocean, settled in the Gulf of Mexico, and influenced the development of Mesoamerican cultures.
The core of these theories relies on perceived visual similarities between the Olmec heads and stereotypical African features, as well as speculative cultural parallels.
For example, indigenous groups in southern Mexico often exhibit facial features similar to those of the Olmec heads.
Van Sertima claimed cultural parallels between ancient Egypt and the Olmec civilization, particularly during the Nubian Dynasty.
Another version of the African-Olmec theory attributes Olmec civilization to the Moors or the Mali Empire.
While both were advanced civilizations capable of navigating the Atlantic Ocean, their peak periods (800–1400 CE) occurred more than a millennium after the rise and fall of the Olmec civilization.
While this suggests the possibility of transatlantic contact, it does not indicate that such visitors influenced Olmec civilization.
No evidence supports the theory that Africans or any other external civilization founded the Olmec culture.
The Olmec civilization emerged independently, shaped by its local environment and indigenous populations.
The Mali Empire and the Moors, while advanced, existed far too late to influence the Olmecs.
The evidence supports the conclusion that the Olmec civilization was entirely indigenous to Mesoamerica.
While specific myths about giants in Olmec culture are sparse, their colossal head sculptures and other large-scale works are sometimes linked to legends of a race with extraordinary abilities.
"Of the Nahua predecessors of the Toltecs in Mexico the Olmecs and Xicalaucans were the most important.
The temple complex was built by the ancient Mesoamerican civilization of the Olmecs and later expanded by the Maya and Toltecs.