Mediterranean

That there once existed in the Atlantic Ocean, opposite the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea, a large island, which was the remnant of an Atlantic continent, and known to the ancient world as Atlantis.

286) : "We find the barbarians of the coast of the Mediterranean regarding the civiliseApeople ofAtlantis with awe and wonder.

; that if the migration of the nations is retraced they are found to converge upon the central district lying between Persia and the Mediterranean, Armenia to Ethiopia ;* that, according to Mr.

3) had collected from themouths of the Phoenicians themselves, that the two most ancient sanctuaries of their race were situated in the islands of Tylos and Aradus (two of the existing Bahrien islands), which reproduced later on in the new country of the Phoenicians in the Mediterranean the islElndi||||f Tyre and Aradus " (Fragmens Oosmogoniques,^.

But through the courage and address of the Athenians the invading Atlanteans were beaten off and finally expelled from the whole of their possessions within the Mediterranean area.

From these we gather that the date of the invasion of the Mediterranean basin by the Atlantean kings took place about g600 B.c.

Nine thousand years, he tells us, had in his day elapsed since Atlantis invaded the Mediterranean basin and was valiantly withstood by the Athenians.

I have, too, discovered proof that the plan of surrounding a town or settlement by zones of land and water was anciently in use in North-Western and Western Africa, that an island within an island was there regarded as a site of great natural strength, and this, as every archeologist is aware, is nothing more or less than the general idea carried out in many of the prehistoric islandforts of Britain, which were indubitably of Mediterranean origin, and are not to be distinguished in their architectural features from the nuraghe or dry-stone towers of Sardinia.

Between the two continents passed the Mediterranean depression, that ancient maritime furrow which has formed an escarp about the earth since the beginning of geologic times, and which we see so deeply marked in the present Mediterranean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Sunda or Flores Sea.

The sediments of Santa Maria prove only this, that at the Miocene epoch—that is, when the great Alpine movements were terminated in Europe—a Mediterranean shore extended not far from this region of the Azores, the shore of a continent or of a large island.

‘The Azores are a group of volcanoes built upon a foundation of limestones, similar to those of the Mediterranean countries.” Again, on pages 59-60, he states that “ the islands of the Atlantic are irregularly arranged with the exception of those on the Faroes ridge, which forms the northern boundary of the Atlantic, and the islands of the West Indies.

too, has recently come to the conclusion that the convex arch formed by the Antilles and the one found along the western border of the Mediterranean were connected in the Tertiary era by tangential chains of land.

To account for the extraordinary predominance of the Mediterranean element in their fauna, they must have again united with the Old World in more recent times.

But the most significant consideration which emerges is that this expert evidence is almost entirely in favour of the existence of a comparatively recent land-mass, or masses, in the Atlantic, and taking into consideration the whole of the evidence and the nature of its sources, I fail to see how it can reasonably be disputed that at a period probably no earlier than that mentioned by Plato this ancient continent was still in existence, but in process of disintegration— that an island of considerable size, the remnant, perhaps, of the African “ shelf,” still lay opposite the entrance to the Mediterranean, and that lesser islands connected it with Europe, Africa, and another similar island-continent which occupied the present site of the West Indian Islands, the whole forming a continuous archipelagic chain such as is described by Plato.

‘Two of these, considerably larger in area than any of the others, were situated (a) at a relatively short distance from the entrance to the Mediterranean ; and (6) in the region of the West Indian Islands.

Monachus albiventer inhabits the Mediterranean, and the closely allied M.

‘‘ One species inhabits the borders of the Mediterranean, while a closely related one is found not only in South America, but also in Madagascar and South Africa.” Interesting from a geographical point of view are the burrowing Amphisbenidz, which, generally limbless, often spend their entire existence underground in ants’ nests.

Now this large family of sixty-five species is quite confined to America, Africa, and the Mediterranean region.

drew attention to the fact that the Mediterranean element is much more traceable in the Canaries than in the other groups of islands.

of the butterflies and moths found in the Canaries are of Mediterranean origin, and 20 per cent.

The Biological Evidence 53 between the insular mollusca and those of the Mediterranean, and the existence in the Canaries of a fern found in Pliocene strata in Portugal.

He states that the Pulmonata Mollusca called Oleacinide have a peculiar distribution, living only in Central America, the West Indies, the Mediterranean basin, and the Atlantic isles.

In the Mediterranean and the Atlantic islands they have become much smaller.

He believes that the Cré-Magnons followed the southern shores of the Mediterranean, and that the statuettes they made bear a resemblance to those of baked clay found in the Nile Valley.

The Abbé Breuil, who occupies a position in prehistoric studies at which none dare cavil, is strongly of opinion that successive invasions of culture took place either from the south or Mediterranean region, or from that part of Europe, the Biscayan coasts of Spain and France, which he calls the ‘ Atlantic.” ‘“‘ Certainly,” adds Professor Osborn, ‘the archezologic testimony strongly supports this culture-invasion hypothesis, and it appears to be strengthened in a measure by the study of the human types.” ‘“‘ We can hardly contemplate an origin from the east,” says Breuil,?

** A southerly origin,” says Osborn, ‘‘ seems more probable, because the Aurignacian colonies appear to surround the entire periphery of the Mediterranean, being found in Northern Africa, Sicily, and the Italian and Iberian peninsulas, from which they extended over the larger part of southern France.

They spread round the Mediterranean basin, pressing northward.

Breuil believes the Azilian-Tardenoisians to be of Mediterranean origin, and sees the gradual introduction of Azilian culture in that area gradually mingling with the Aurignacian.

These Azilian-Tardenoisian people were undoubtedly the parents of the great Mediterranean or Iberian race, who spread over southern Europe and penetrated to Britain and Norway on the north and Egypt on the east.

“So striking,” says Professor Elliot Smith, “is the family likeness between the early Neolithic peoples of the British Isles and the Mediterranean and the bulk of the population, both ancient and modern, of Egypt and East Africa, that a description of the bones of an early Briton of that remote epoch might apply in all essential details to an inhabitant of Somaliland.” In passing, I may mention as regards the view of the wide diffusion of the Iberian people, that Professor Gregory of Glasgow suggests that the Incas of Peru may have been of Iberian or Berber stock, and crossed from Africa ‘“‘ by the Canaries and the Azores, and possibly other islands now non-existent.” But much difference of opinion exists regarding the origin of the Azilian-Tardenoisian stock and culture.

It invaded Europe and the Mediterranean basin at a date which, broadly speaking, can well be collated with that given by Plato in his Critias and Timeus.

The Abbé Breuil believes them to have come from “ circum-Mediterranean sources.”” Schmidt inclines to the view that Azilian-Tardenoisian is merely a later development of the Magdalenian.

It is significant to the student of Atlantean archzology that official archeologists should be unable or unwilling to venture more than a passing expression of opinion regarding the origins of the several races which entered Western Europe and the Mediterranean area in prehistoric times.

The Azilian-Tardenoisians were merely the first wave of a better-known stock, the Iberian, or so-called Mediterranean race.

He says (Mediterranean Race, p.

39 ff.): ** But that original stock could not have its cradle in the basin of the Mediterranean, a basin more fitted for the confluence of peoples and for their active development; the cradle whence they dispersed in many directions was more probably in Africa.

The study of the fauna and flora of the Mediterranean exhibits the same phenomenon and becomes another argument in favour of the African origin of the Mediterranean peoples.” He proceeds to say that a study of the Hamitic race has assisted him in arriving at a conclusion.

All the same, he “‘ will not deny to the Sahara the possibility of being the cradle ” of the Mediterranean race.

There were boats on the Mediterranean at a very early period.

126): “So far as present evidence goes, it would appear that the pre-Chellean culture did not enter Europe directly from the East, or even along the northern coast of the Mediterranean, but rather along the northern coast of Africa, where

264): ‘‘ We see Egypt originally inhabited by a stone-using Hamitic race (the Iberians) related to the surrounding Semites, Libyans, and Mediterraneans.

In the Delta they (the Armenoids, a later invading race) probably found a civilisation of a primitive Mediterranean type much more advanced than in the Upper country.

The hieroglyphic system and all the accompanying culture that it implies may have been theirs, but was more likely Mediterranean.”

The map of Andreas Bianca (1436) shows Brazil as an ‘island north of Madeira, Satanaxio on a parallel with the north of Spain, and Antilia as a large oblong mass opposite, but a considerable distance from, the opening to the Mediterranean.

In Maya cosmology the earth was known as “ the turreted castle,” and, as we will see later, the entire architectural tradition of the Mediterranean-East Atlantic area in early times was connected with the turret or tower.

‘That the race in question came from the disintegrating continent of Atlantis has already been proved or otherwise to the satisfaction of the reader according as he accepts or rejects the conclusions advanced in the chapters referred to, and here it is only necessary to bring evidence to bear that it continued its advance along the southern littoral of the Mediterranean, and entered Egypt, bringing with it a very considerable body of Atlantean culture.

The men who raised the nuraghi and talayots were certainly Iberians, the ‘‘ Mediterranean race”?

Starting, then, from a knowledge of the Atlantean design as described in Plato, we find that is reflected not only in that of Carthage, but in numerous other ancient sites scattered over the length and breadth of those areas where we might expect to find architectural remains approximating to the Atlantean model—on the one hand along the entire stretch of the Mediterranean, and on the other along the sea-coasts of the Western Atlantic, to Britain and Ireland.

Geography and Topography 201 over the coasts of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic for thousands of miles.

Here we find isolated in the Mediterranean a civilisation which passed away about the time that Greece began to awaken.

Geography and Topography 209 about 3500 B.c., and that its inhabitants, sailing from catastrophe (ships had then been ploughing the Mediterranean for 1500 years) and undesirous of settling on the savage and 1 <nitable coasts of Spain or Italy, held eastward until they came upon the island of Crete, only partially occupied by a people amenable to culture, where they could be safe to carry on the civilisation of their ancestors without fear of © intrusion or invasion ?

According to the account in the Timceus, Atlantis was a continent lying over against the Pillars of Hercules, greater in extent than Libya and Asia combined ; the highway to other islands and to a great ocean, of which the Mediterranean Sea was a mere harbour.

But in the vagueness of all geographical knowledge in the days of Socrates and of Plato, this Atlantic domain is confused with some Iberian or western African power, which is stated to have been arrayed against Egypt, Hellas, and all the countries bordering on the Mediterranean Sea.

The knowledge even of the western Mediterranean was then very imperfect; and, to the ancient Greek, the West was a region of vague mystery which sufficed for the localisation of all his fondest imaginings.

a distinct caste ; and when the vast power of Atlantis was marshalled against the Mediterranean nations, Athens bravely repelled the invader, and gave liberty to the nations whose safety had been imperilled ; but in the convulsion that followed, in which the island - continent was engulfed in the ocean, the warrior race of Athens also perished.

Nevertheless, there is nothing improbable in the idea that it rests on some historic basis, in which the tradition of the fall of an Iberian, or other aggressive power in the western Mediterranean, is mingled with other and equally vague traditions of intercourse with a vast continent lying beyond the Pillars of Hercules.

In primitive centuries, when ancient maritime races thus held supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea, voyages were undoubtedly made far into the Atlantic Ocean.

They colonised the western shores of the Mediterranean at a remote period ; occupied numerous favourable trading posts on the bays and headlands of the Euxine, as well as of Sicily and others of the larger islands ; and passing beyond the straits, effected settlements along the coasts of Europe and Africa.

While the Carthaginian oligarchy ruled, naval adventure was still encouraged ; but the maritime era of the Mediterranean belongs to more ancient centuries.

The history of the ancient world is, for us, to a large extent, the history of civilisation among the nations around the Mediterranean Sea.

THE LOST ATLANTIS ii it : this, at least, seems to claim recognition from us, that in that remote era the eastern Mediterranean was a centre of maritime enterprise, such as had no equal among the nations of antiquity.

With the fall of Carthage, the Mediterranean became a mere Eoman lake, over which the gallies of Eome sailed reluctantly with her armed hosts ; or coasting along shore, they " committed themselves to the sea, and loosed the rudder bands, and hoisted up the mainsail to the winds ; " or again, " strake sail, and so were driven," after the blundering fashion described in the voyage of St.

600, to the Punic Hanno, or other early navigators ; and may have repeatedly occurred to Mediterranean adventurers on the Atlantic in older centuries.

There is one answer, at the least, which the languages of America give, that fully accords with the legend, " white with age," that told of an island-continent in the Atlantic Ocean with which the nations around the Mediterranean once held intercourse.

Those who attach significance to the references in the Timceus to political relations common to Atlantis and parts of Libya and Europe ; or who, on other grounds, look with favour on the idea of early intercourse between the Mediterranean and the western continent, have naturally turned to the Eskuara of the Basques.

through the islands of the Pacific, than to such a route from the Mediterranean as is implied in any significance attached to the legend of Atlantis.

But a zealous comparative philologist, already referred to, has sought for linguistic traces of relationship between the Old and the New World which, if confirmed, would better harmonise with the traditions of intercourse between the maritime nations of the eastern Mediterranean and a continent lying outside of the Pillars of Hercules.

The legend of the lost Atlantis is true in this, if in nothing else, that it relegates the knowledge of the world beyond the Atlantic, by the maritime races of the Mediterranean, to a time already of hoar antiquity in the age of Socrates, or even of Solon.

If we assume the primary settlement of Central America by expeditions systematically carried on under the auspices of some ancient maritime power of the Mediterranean, or of an early seat of Iberian or Libyan civilisation, then they would, undoubtedly, transplant the arts of their old home to the New World.

If they owed to some apostle from the Mediterranean the grand invention of letters, which, as Bacon says, " as ships, pass through the vast seas of time, and make ages so distant to participate of the wisdom, illuminations and inventions, the one of the other : " then, we may confidently anticipate the recovery of some graphic memorial of the messenger, confirming the oft-recurring traditions of bearded white men who came from beyond the sea, introduced the arts of civilisation, and were reverenced as divine benefactors.

It cannot be that Egyptian, Assyrian, Hittite, Phoenician, and other most ancient races, are still perpetuated by so many traces of their wanderings in the Old World ; that the North-men's graphic runes have placed beyond all question their pre-Columbian explorations ; and yet that not a single trace of Mediterranean wanderers to the lost Atlantis survives.

It forms one of the indisputable facts of ancient history that, long before Greece became the world's intellectual leader, the eastern Mediterranean was settled by maritime races whose adventurous enterprise led them to navigate the Atlantic.

The same hardy supplanters were following up such acquisitions by expeditions to the Mediterranean that resulted in the establishment of their supremacy 1 Montgomery, Greenland, Canto IV.

The voyage from Greenland, or even from Iceland, to the New England shores was not more difficult than from the native fiords of the Northmen to the Atlantic seaboard, or to the coasts and islands of the Mediterranean.

When indeed we recall what the rude Norse galley of Eric the Eed must have been ; and what the little " Pinta " and the "Mna " of Columbus—the latter with a crew of only twenty-four men, —actually were ; and remember, moreover, that the pole star was the sole compass of the earlier explorer; there seems nothing improbable in the assumption that the more ancient voyagers from the Mediterranean, who claimed to have circumnavigated Africa, and were familiar with the islands of the Atlantic, may have found their way to the great continent which lay beyond.

The ancient lines traversed by the traders between the Persian Gulf and the Levant ; the routes of caravans by way of the oases, across the centre of the Arabian peninsula to the Bed Sea ; the lines of access by road and river from the Baltic to the Danube ; and from the British Isles and the North Sea, by the valley of the Ehone, to the Mediterranean : are all indicated by a variety of evidence.

The principles on which the wealth of nations and the whole social fabric of human society depend, were thus already in operation ages before the merchants of Tyre, or the traders of Massala, had learned to turn to account the mineral resources of the Cassiterides ; or that vaguer and still more remote era before the ancient Atlantis had vanished from the ken of the civilised dwellers around the Mediterranean Sea.

The civilisation which had already grown up around the Mediterranean Sea while the classic nations were in their infancy, extended its influences not only to what wTas strictly regarded as transalpine Europe, but beyond the English Channel and the Baltic, centuries before the Ehine and Danube formed the boundary of the Eoman world.

Arnold remarks, in one of his letters : "The Eoman colonies along the Ehine and the Danube looked out on the country beyond those rivers as we look up at the stars, and actually see with our own eyes a world of which we know nothing." Yet such ignorance was not incompatible with indirect intercourse ; and was so far from excluding the barbarians beyond the Alps or the Baltic from all the fruits of the civilisation which grew up around the Mediterranean Sea, that the elements of the oldest runic epigraphy of the Goths and Scandinavians are traced to that source ; and the stamp of Hellenic influence is apparent in the later runic writing.

But no inconsiderable remnant finally disappeared by absorption into the general stock ; not without leaving enduring evidence of the process in the Melanochroi, or dark whites—the Iberians, or Black Celts, as they are sometimes styled,—of Western Europe ; as well as in the allied type, not only of the Mediterranean shores, but of Western Asia and Persia.

Europe, on the contrary, nursed its youthful civilisation among detached communities of its southern peninsulas on the Mediterranean Sea; and in later ages has repeatedly experienced the advantages of geographical isolation in the valleys of the Alps, in Norway and Denmark, in Portugal, the Netherlands, and the British Islands : where nations protected in their youth from predatory hordes, and sheltered during critical periods of change, have safely passed through their earlier stages of progress.

They had, at least, no language with which to speak to other generations ; nor any common speech to supersede the confusion of tongues which characterised their great river valley, bordering on Asia, and forming the highway from Ethiopia to the Mediterranean Sea.

Professor Whitney, after dwelling on the " exaggeratedly agglutinative type " of the ancient Iberian language, and its isolation among the essentially dissimilar languages of Aryan Europe, thus proceeds : " The Basque forms a suitable stepping-stone from which to enter the peculiar linguistic domain of the New World, since there is no other dialect of the Old World which so much resembles in structure the American languages " 2 ; not indeed, as he adds, that they are all of accordant form ; for he pronounces the grouping of them in a single great family as " a classification of ignorance." The possibilities of ancient communication between the opposite shores of the Atlantic, and the migration of colonists of the New World from the Mediterranean Sea, have already been discussed in dealing with the legend of the Lost Atlantis.

Whether they came from the Mediterranean, in that old mythic dawn the memory of which survived in the legend of a submerged Atlantis ; or the history of their primeval migration still lingers among fading traces of philological affinity with the Basques ; or if, with the still more remote glimpses which afhnite Arctic ethnology has been assumed to supply, we seek to follow the palaeolithic race of Central Europe's Eeindeer period in the long pilgrimage to Behring Straits, and so to the later home of the American 1 Anthropology, "by Dr.

The natural barriers of the continent seemed for a time to have given way, and the unknown tribes from beyond the Baltic and from the shores of the North Sea poured into the valley ofthe Danube, and swept beyond the Alps and the Pyrenees to the furthest shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

The Iberians and " black Celts " of Western Europe, and the dark brunettes of the Mediterranean shores, stand out in marked contrast to the blondes of the Baltic shores.

175 C HAPTER XIII THE RELIGION OF ATLANTIS SIX- YEARLY RITES ATTENDING DELIBERATIONS OF THE -..1 KINGS-IMMOLATION OF THE SACRED BULLS-A MEXICAN ANALOGY-THE BULL-CULT OF THE AURIGNACIANS-BULL- WORSHIP IN EGYPT AND THE 0SIRIAN CULT-SPREAD OF THE WORSHIP OF 0SIRIS-APIS THROUGHOUT EUROPE TO BRITAIN­ AN ATLANTEAN GENESIS FOR THE BULL-CULT­ PLATO'S AccOUNT PERHAPS SOPHISTICATED BY HELLENIC PRACTICE-THE BULL THE BEAST OF PosEIDON-A PROVISIONAL ATLANTEAN pANTHEON -PosEIDON's ORIGIN-THE DEFINITE AssociATION OF ATLAS WITH HIS BROTHER TITANS, THE TUTE­ LARY DEITIES OF BRITAIN AND IRELAND-INVASION OF OLYMPUS BY TITANIC GODS FROM THE WEsT, AN ALLEGORY OF THE INVASION OF THE MEDITER­ RANEAN AREA BY THE GoDS OF AN ALIEN RELIGION -PERSISTENCE OF THE NAME OF ATLAS AND HIS IsLAND-NOTICES OF THE TITANIC PANTHEON THE MEMORIALS OF AN ANciENT AND POWERFUL RE­ LIGION-SANCTITY OF THE WESTERN OcEANIC AREA TO THE MEDITERRANEAN PEOPLES-LOCALITY OF THE FoRTUNATE IsLANDS AND THE GARDENS OF THE HESPERIDES-THE IDEA OF THE CONTINUED EXIST- ~ ENCE OF SoULS AFTER DEATH IN THE WEST ARISING OUT OF THE MEMORY OF ATLANTIS-THE LOCATION ....J IN THE WEST OF THE ISLAND OF THE DEAD BY THE PEOPLES OF WESTERN AND MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE A PROOF THAT THEY REGARDED IT AS THE ANCIENT HOME OF THEIR RELIGION AND CULTURE-MAN'S PARADISE ALWAYS REGARDED AS THAT SPOT WHENCE HE ORIGINALLY CAME-A WELL-FOUNDED MEMORY OF THE FoRMER EXISTENCE OF A GREAT RELIGION IN THE ATLANTIC REGION-THE ATLANTBAN PAN­ THEON ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSTELLATIONS­ THE IDEA OF A COSMIC SYMPHONY IN THE WRITINGS

If, through some cataclysm of nature, the Italian peninsula had been submerged in the green waters of the Mediterranean at a period subsequent to the fall of Rome, we would still have been in possession of much documentary evidence concerning the growth and ascent of the Roman Empire.

Had Babylon or the entire Egyptian valley sunk out of sight a thousand years before the birth of Christ they would still have left behind them the witness of their trade with the Mediterranean, their pottery and other artifacts would have been found in Crete and Cyprus.

"It is reported like­ wise, that by an earthquake the tract towards the ocean opened its mouth and swallowed up the whole morass • of Triton." Merina during her reign, however, extended her conquests to Asia Minor and the Mediterranean Islands, and formed a league with Horus, King of Egypt.

The globe, he argued, had in primitive times been almost completely covered by water, but in the course of ages this had evaporated, leaving, however, an immense sea, which united the Caspian to the Persian Gulf, and the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean.

The people of the Mediterranean and many others, at a certain fixed epoch, counted by eights before arriving at the use of a decimal system.

Between the two continents passed the Mediterranean depression, that ancient maritime furrow which has formed an escarp about the earth since the beginning of geologic time, and which we see so deeply marked in the present Mediterranean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Sunda or Flores Sea.

Taking into consideration also the living plants and animals of these islands, many of which are of European-Mediterranean affinities of late Tertiary time, we see that the evidence appears to indicate clearly that the Cape Verde and Canary Islands are fragments of a greater Africa.

96oo B.c., this ancient continent was still in partial existence, but in process of disintegration-that an island of considerable size, the remnant, perhaps, of the African 'shelf," still lay opposite the entrance to the Mediterranean, and that lesser islands connected it with Europe, Africa, and, per­ haps, with our own shores.

The large family of the burrowing Amphisbrenidre is absolutely con­ fined to America, Mrica, and the Mediterranean region.

Wollaston drew attention to the fact that the Mediterranean element is much more traceable in the Canaries than in any other groups of islands.

Their several species inhabit the Mediterranean, the West Indies, and the coasts '

of the butterflies and moths found in the Canaries are of Mediterranean origin, and twenty per cent.

Two of these, con­ siderably larger in area than any of the others, were situated (a) at a relatively short distance from the entrance to the Mediterranean; and (b) in the region of the present West India Islands.

He adduces proof that this part of the Mediterranean was particularly difficult of navi­ gation, and argues that it must have been this especial locality which was so alluded to by the Priest of Sais.

We may then conclude that the island-continent of Atlantis at the time of its submergence extended from a point close to the entrance to the Mediterranean to the 45th parallel of longitude, and from north to south, nearly from the 45th parallel of latitude to about the 22nd parallel of latitude.

This people, the Abbe Breuil, the greatest living authority upon the pre-history of France and Spain, believes to have come from "circum-Mediterranean sources" about xo,ooo years ago.

The Races of Atlantis 79 Professor Osborn, "like the Tardenoisan microlithic flint industry, was largely pursued by fisher-folk." Breuil believes the Azilians to be of Mediterranean origin, and sees the gradual introduction of Azilian culture in that area slowly mingling with older forms.

In his opinion successive invasions of culture occurred either from the Mediterr­ anean region, or from that part of the Biscay coast of France and Spain, which he calls the "Atlantic." "The archreologic testimony," says Osborn, "strongly supports this culture-invasion hypothesis, and it appears to be strengthened in a measure by the study of the human types." "We can hardly contemplate an origin from the east,'' says Breuil, "because these earlier phases of the Aurignacian industry have not as yet been met with in Central or Eastern Europe." "A southerly origin," says Osborn, "seems more probable, because the Aurignacian colonies appear to surround the entire periphery of the Mediterranean, being found in Northern Mrica, Sicily, and the Italian and Iberian peninsulas, from which they extended over the larger part of southern France.

The best and most trustworthy authorities call it "Atlantic" or "circum-Mediterranean," and it certainly does not appear to have come from the East .

He calls the Iberians the "Mediterranean Race," and states that not only did they overflow the Mediterranean area, but penetrated to · Britain and Ireland, France and elsewhere.1 The Azilian or proto-Iberian age on Atlantis must then have been one and the same with that stage of moral and cultural degeneration which Plato speaks of, and his Atlantean invaders identical with the Azilians or proto­ Iberians.

Titans are likewise connected with the West, the former with Sicily and the Mediterranean isles, the latter with other islands.

That the whole Iberian race is distantly of North Mrican origin scarcely admits of doubt, and it seems probable that Poseidon, "god " of the Mediterranean Sea, must have led his people from the Atlas region of North Africa to Atlantis, whence,

Now, no such myth, so far as I am aware, was current concerning the Mediterranean islands, or could have been available to Plato.

First, we have Basilea "the great mother," "the queen" par excellence, who is, of course, no other than she whom the entire Mediterranean from Carthage to Canaan, subsequently revered as the Mother Goddess, Astaroth, Astarte, Diana, Venus, Aphrodite, Isis-that great maternal figure who had a hundred names, and a hundred breasts, yet one single personality, and who is also found in Britain, Ireland and Gaul, and in America, though not in Germany or among the Slavs.

The passage which summed up these resemblances is as follows:- "Starting then from a knowledge of the Atlantean design as described in Plato, we find that is reflected not only in that of Carthage, but in numerous other ancient sites scattered over the length and breadth of those areas where we might expect to find architectural remains approximating to the Atlantean model-on the one hand along the entire stretch of the Mediterranean, and on the other along the sea-coasts of the Western Atlantic to Britain and Ireland.

The Iberians, the builders of these venerable monuments, did not originate in the eastern region of the Mediterranean, so that it is impossible to regard that sphere as the starting-point of their architectural history." The fifth stanza of this weird lay also casts further light upon its Atlantean significance:- " [ will not redeem the multitudes with trailing shields .

whence it probably spread eastward, were undoubtedly the proto- Iberians, the "Mediterranean Race" of Sergi, and the earliest sites on which it has been discovered seem to justify the assumption of its introduction from a Western area.

It certainly did not progress in historical succession from East to West, as the Iberians, the builders of these venerable monuments, did not originate in the eastern region of the Mediterranean.

Indeed, the general costume of the Azilians seems to have resembled that of the Aztecs of Mexico in some of its aspects, as well as that of the early Mediterranean peoples.

Life in Atlantis If this fragment could itself be proved to be of neolithic age, it would follow that in that remote time the art of writing was already known to at least one branch of the Mediterranean stock." If we examine the history of writing and symbolism in Europe and America, certain facts emerge which might, after all due caution was employed, point to an Atlantean origin for certain elements in both European and American symbols and glyphs.

What we read in Plato and other authors regarding the state and polity of Atlantis has little or no reflection in any Mediterranean form of government as described by the classical writers of antiquity.

Indeed, it seems to me that this ancient story of giant gods coming from the west and invading Olympus is almost certainly an allegory of the invasion of Europe, or rather of the Mediterranean area, by the gods of an alien religion , and that some such idea not only originated the myth, but that it lingered long in popular consciousness, is plain from the fact that it was one of the most popular

Surely it seems most likely, then, that these very definite notices of a Titanic pantheon which had its origin in the Atlantic area, and the names of which are still attached to certain of the islands over which they presided, arose out of the memory of an ancient and powerful religion which had a widespread influence not only in the then existing Atlantic archipelago, but which overflowed into the Mediterranean area.

Nor is this theory at all weakened when we come to observe the very great sanctity in which the peoples of the Mediterranean held the western oceanic area, for there they placed the locality of the Fortunate Islands and the Gardens of the Hesperides.

The earliest Greek ' poetry situates the abode of the happy departed spirits far beyond the entrance to the Mediterranean, on islands in the midst of the River Oceanus.

The very fact that the whole of Western and Mediterranean Europe looked to the west as the location of the great Island of the Dead, is surely sufficient proof that they regarded it as the ancient home from which their religion and culture

The Religion of Atlantis inimical to their own, and this especially applies to the Hellenic peoples of the eastern Mediterranean, who, less than any others, perhaps, had come under the influence of the Atlantean culture and religion.

Our fragmentary knowledge of Carthaginian religion scarcely permits us to say how far this Asiatic people, settled in North- West Mrica, had accepted local beliefs regarding Atlantis, but there can be little doubt that, as many classical authors admit, many of the fundamental ideas con­ nected with the religious mysteries of the Mediterranean races, such, for example, as those of the Cabiri, passed through a Carthaginian crucible before they reached Greece, and that they had no connection with that Palestine, whence the Carthaginians came, is clear enough.

One species of the Monk Seal inh~bits the Mediterranean and another the West Indies, while the Siren is to be found in the estuaries of West Mrica, along the South American coast and among the West Indian islands, and the inference drawn is that their ancestors must have spread along some coastline which "united the Old World and the New at no very distant period." Plato assures us that the elephant was a denizen of Atlantis.

No anthropologist of experience will for a moment seek to gainsay the Iberian penetration of the entire Mediterranean area from Spain to Egypt, even though he may not support the nation of its Atlantean provenance.

"The idea," he says, "has arisen that Western rather than Eastern Africa was the original home of these people, "the ancient and modern Egyptians, Nubians, Abyssinians, Gallas, Somalis, Berbers, and Fulahs." He "will not deny to the Sahara the possibility of being the cradle" of his Mediterranean race.

In fact it seems that the ancient myth of the Cabiri enshrines a tradition of the invasion of the Mediterranean area by a civilised race at a period when that region was as yet in a condition of barbarism .

At first I was under the impression that the myth referred to the entrance of the Azilian peoples to the Mediterranean, but chronological reasons seem to militate against such a presumption, and it appears much more probable that it is connected with a cultural invasion from the west at a much later period, say some 3000 years B.C.

It has been traced in Europe to peoples of the Mediterranean race, that is to those races who are most closely connected with the immigrant peoples of Atlantis.

Cojel, or the now known great area of the Mediterranean Sea, before its submergence.

The Jan'tl-ze was a terranzi that began with high peaks in Teltzie Et, which now form the Azores Islands and in their extension, embraced peaks now known as the Madeira and Canary Islands, and, further continuation, the remnant Atlas mountains in Morocco and Algeria of northwestern Africa ; and but for the submergence that established the Mediterranean Sea, would have been a part of the^great system in Europe and Asia, the link being broken at Sicily and lower Italy, by the waters of the Mediter- ranean.

It was also indigenous in North Africa and in certain parts of the British Islands prior to the submergence, and was further distributed in the now submerged regions of the Mediterranean Sea, Armenia, Caucasus, Persia, Central Asia and Afghanistan by the migrating peoples who used it for food, and thus established the wild species of those regions.

Prior to the submergence, the Ogene had become spontaneous throughout the district now submerged by the Mediterranean Sea, from whence, to a certain extent, it had extended still further east.

It was carried by migrators into the Mediterranean district originally, who settled along the then known Hammo Riger, that flowed through the Mediterranean district.

These found their distribution also by migrating peoples, pre-historically who were passing eastward from the Azores, Portugal, Spain, Arabia, and subsequently throughout the Mediterranean regions, ultimately into California and Florida and sub-tropical countries by similar sources.

At the time of the submergence, remnants plants were left along the coasts of England and central Europe, thus deposited by the Atlantic and Mediterranean waters, where in its wild state it degenerated into what is now known as the species Brassico oleracea or Wild Sea Cabbage, pre-historically known as the Ge-il-de'ze, from which by cultivation it has evolved into many varieties of culinary vegetables.

At the time of the submergence, remnants were left on the Eastern Continent, from which descenaed a species of plants, pre-historically known as the Le-en'ze-6ck, whose further descendants became the pre-historic ancestors of the Wild Radish of the Mediterranean coast, from which, by cultivation, has descended the Spindle and the Turnip-rooted varieties of the Radish.

percnopterus or Egyptian Vulture, of India, Africa, the shores of the Mediterranean, England and Norway.

e., they appear in Great Britain, Scandinavia, Denmark, Swe- den, Sythia, Siberia, and on both sides of the Mediterranean ; in north Africa, Asia Minor, and across the plains of Mesopotamia ; in the valley of Cabul and throughout India; a group of the largest barrows, or Cairins in Ireland, the burial place of the Kings of Tara, situated on the banks of the Boyne, above Droghead; the huge mound at New-Grange, of the same region, built of stone and earth, three hundred feet in diameter at the base, and two hundred and seventy feet in height with its base, are the remains of a Ke-rel'the of large standing stones.

At the time of the establishment of the Mediterranean and ^gean seas, peoples from the three nations were passing and re-passing from Elteze and Siloton, into Zanzureta, and vice versa, by which means the influence of the i-oon (art) of frisconsunu was being established in Zanzureta, and it was at that time, and as occasioned by the submergence, the seas above mentioned were established, that separated Zanzureta from Siloton, and Elteze, that caused the loon of frisconsunu to begin its develop- ment, for the better.

He dwelt in a pre-historic town, by the name of Piin'zu-lac, in the section now known as Campania, west of the known town of Agropoli, now submerged by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, or rather the Gulf of Salerno.** He continued the art of pelzacoa by the use of basic and celcelic.

Subsequently, in his career as a Celeti, he conceived the idea of representing the full, or round-form, body of the individual, after which he ceased to produce the head and bust representations (or style of his earlier works), in order to develop and per- ••Now submerged by the Mediterranean Sea.

In-thl-cle'6-ny, — ^the third pre-historic name, was given by the Je-re-theans, who survived the submergence of the southwestern portion of their Co'jel, or district, now sub- merged by the Mediterranean Sea, and who were left as remnants along the northern coast of Algeria and Tunis, after which they were known as the K!n-man'zes, and the section as Kin-man- zes.

Ultimately, a colony of Algerian Kadioes migrated to tne section of country now submerged by the waters of the south- western half of the Mediterranean Sea, which section they termed Co'jel, after the pre-historic Cojel of their Keselza ancestors, in

The influence was still extended eastward along the Mediterranean Sea region by the Jeretheans who were the same stock as the Keselzas and the Kadioes, whose descendants became the pre-historic ancestors of the Berbers of Tripoli, and by farther migration, brought the influence into Fezzan.

Returning to the region of northern Algeria and Tunis, the same influence was spread north, and northeast out into Cogel number two, or that part of the submerged country now known as the western half of the Mediterranean Sea, and further into the country now known as Italy, Turkey in Europe, Greece, Asia Minor, etc At the time of the convulsions that established the southwestern section of the Mediterranean Sea, a portion of the Jeretheans who had not migrated into the Ket'zil-ly (plain), of Tim-i-cti'les, east of the Sardinia Islands, or the Ketzilly of, Ko-res'sa west of it, with their brethren were left as a remnant in the region of country now known as along the Mediterranean coast from the river Mulucha, or Muluya, east to what is now known as the Carthagenian territory, which section they termed Kin-man'zes, and called themselves the Kinmanzes, whose de- scendants hecame the pre-historic ancestors of the Ancient Libeyhans, or Libyans, whose further influence extended to the Massyli, on the eastern coast of Numidia, and the Massaesylia on .the western, the limit between the two territories being the river Ampsaga which enters the sea to the west of the famous promontory called Tfetum, now known as the "Seven Capes," which latter was formed at the time of the second of the ten great convulsions that formed the Mediterranean Sea..

Through the local and terminal influences of the people who were variously distributed throughout the great Gasbian mirgation, has arisen that branch of philology now known as the Hamitic language which exists in the northeastern corner of Africa and the border-lands of that continent extending westward along the whole shore of the Mediterranean Sea, and southward to beyond the Equator, and falls in three districts, viz:

Subsequent to the formation of the now known Mediterranean Sea, from fear of further submergence, a large colony of the Rezendeth people migrated from the north highlands of their ancestral home, into the extreme south-western section of what is now known as Syria.

In subsequent time and at various intervals, their descendants migrated along the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, northwestward thrbugh the section now known as Syria, leaving remnants at various points, until, ultimately, the last colony had reached the southern boundary of the Taurus mountains, which they termed Vac'kons, called themselves the Es'ge-nens in honor of their leader, and therefore termed the country Es-ge-nen ex.

Subsequent to the submergence and formation of the section modernly known as the eastern portion of the Mediterranean Sea, a large tribe of Esgenens from Gulem, or Turkey, had migrated to a large valley that then lay extent between the now known section of Rut, Syria, and the Cyprus Island, which they termed Se-de-zel'la, the term meaning Valley of Silence, and retained their former name of Esgenens.

At the time of the submergence that established the eastern portion of the Mediterranean Sea, a large renmant of the Esge- nens of Sedezella were left upon the western coast of Rut, Syria, who subsequently began a migration southward through the now known section of Palestine, to the section now occupied by the waters of the now known Dead Sea, which section they termed Phi-ne'a, and called themselves the Phi-an-e'ci-ans, in honor of their leader whose name was Phi-an-e'ci-a ; a term, however, that sustained some change in its extension into Modem Ancient time, but only in an orthographic sense, viz : to Phoenicia, and Phoe- nicians.

district; the Wady el' Khulil and'its outlet into the Mediterranean Sea, though a part of it existed before the flood, and was the boundary between Judea and the country of Gerondeze.

CO'JEL, OR THE MEDITERRANEAN DISTRICT.

At that time, the section now known as the Mediterranean Sea, or that submerged district of country, was possessed with several ranges of mountains and plains, as follows: One known as the Yiis-ke-lin'go, then ex- tended southwest from the now known Mt.

The present condition of the lofty peaks and the low valleys throughout the island of Corsica is due to the tremendous action of the waters, at the time of the convulsions that established the islands of that region, and that portion of the Mediterranean Sea, which in their swoopings and transporting force, misplaced the soil and carried it away into the surging sea, for further distribution in the submerged sections.

A large river then known as the Ham'mo, coiursed through the southern boundary of the territory now submerged by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, which had its outlet into the Atlantic Ocean, where now exists the Straits of Gibraltar, and its rise in Africa, which southeastern portion, after the formation of the Mediterranean Sea, became known as the Ge-li-ot, and later, the Nile.

When the Yuskelingo, the Teta and the Jesta ranges went down into the sea, many portions of them were but slightly submerged, which is the cause of the shallow water in the now known Mediterranean Sea.

The force of the convulsion extended east to the boundary line of the second periodical convulsion, thus establishing the now known Balearic Islands which then were but two in number, viz: the then known Ce-lm'de-so (now submerged) and the now known Ivica, the Majorca and the Minorca islands (then in one) which latter three were thus separated at the time of the convulsion that submerged the Celindeso Island, and in its varied circlings and radiations, established the eastern coast lines of France, Spain, and northern Africa, from the straits of Gibraltar to the western boundary line of the second periodical convulsion, and by submergence of the former established depression, through the Straits of Gibraltar, formed the open waters of the Mediterranean Sea, of that section- As above stated, there was, at the time of the formation of the now known Belearic Islands, one more in the group, or the two that then existed, and was known as the Celindeso Island.

The force of the convulsion extended northeast along the Calceus range, to the now known coast of Asia Minor, thus establishing the coast line and inlet waters of that section from the southern extremity of the anciently-known Craega's mountains, northwest to the line of the first convulsion, and south to the northeastern section of what is modemly known as Tripoli, Africa, thus establishing the now known Rhodes, Karpathos, and Candia Islands, and further extending the Mediterranean Sea eastward.

The force further extended southwest to the now known section of northern Egypt, and west to the eastern boundary line of the second convulsion, thus establishing the now known coast line of northern Egypt from the now known mouth of the Nile river, west to Tripoli, Africa, thus completing the eastern extension of the Mediterranean Sea, excepting the southeastern corner, which was established by a subsequent convulsion, elsewhere herein described.

Before the formation of the southern half of the Mediterranean Sea, a large river then known as the Hammo, flowed westward throughout the new southern section of the Mediterranean Sea district, having its outlet into the North Atlantic, after the for- mation of the latter, where now is the Straits of Gibraltar.

Its course through the Mediterranean district was from the now known mouths of the Nile (which were established by radiations of the third periodical convulsion, and by smaller ones that opened the land between the foothills of the mountains), northwest, in a.

The eighth of the ten periodical convulsions occurred about four hundred and fifty years subsequent to the seventh, and had place in the then known Calceus range, in the section of country now known as off the southwestern coast of Dalmatia, and the Islands now existing on the eastern shores of the Adriatic SeaThe force of the convulsion extended northwest and northeast along the Calceus range, thus establishing all the islands along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, from the Gulf of Trieste in the north, to the border line of the seventh periodical convulsion on the western central coast of Greece, the Gulf of Taranto, southeastern coast of Italy, the western coast line of the Adriatic Sea, and the open waters of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Straits of Otranto.

The force of the convulsion extended northwest and southwest, thus establishing the now known coast of the Crimean Peninsula, and the eastern coast of the Black Sea, which ultimated in the completion of the latter, by blending its waters with those of the Mediterranean, through the source of the Bosphorus straits, and submerging the land now occupied by the southern half of the Black Sea.

As before stated, the Jeretheans were a great nation, who in their first tribal radiations from Cojel number Two, had spread out through that part of the then known district of country, now submerged by the waters of the northwestern section of the Mediterranean Sea, and at the time of the submergence, remnant tribes of them were left in the various localities along the western coast of Italy, on the Islands in the sea, and on the northeastern coast of Africa.

In regard to religion, those who occupied Cojel, or the southwestern Mediterranean section, recognized a being as superior to themselves, one in whom was embodied strength and protective force, which principle they termed U-tis e, which meant Builder of Nature.

, Prior to the second of the ten great periodical convulsions that established the Mediterranean Sea, a tribe of Jeretheans from the plain of Timicules, east of the now known Sardinia Island, and the then known city of Siit-re-nin'go (principal city in the plain), migrated southeast, along the then known great river Hammo, or Nile, to the section of country now known as the mouth of the, Nile river, which section they termed Gas'bi-j, and called themselves the Kasamanzes.

Prior to the third, fourth and fifth great periodical convulsions that formed that part of the Mediterranean Sea, west of Italy, the great plain of Timicules, east of the now known Sardinia Island, was occupied by a large settlement of Jeretheans, whose principal city in the plain was termed by them, Sutreningo.

Prior to the formation of the northwestern section of the Mediterranean Sea, or the submergence that established the now known Balearic group of Islands, a mixed tribe of Sederones and Kintilucians, who migrated from the now known eastern section of Spain, inhabited the western and central sections of the now known Ivica and the Majorca Islands, and a mixed tribe of Sederones and Cinetoiens from southeastern France, likewise inhabited the now submerged pre-historical Island of Celindeso.

Prior to the establishment of the northwestern portion of the Mediterranean Sea, and the now known Sardinia and Corsica Islands, a tribe of Jeretheans from both the Scan'de-ses (valley or plain) of Timicules and Koressa, migrated northward, until they arrived in a large Scandeses which they termed Re-ex'ti-c6n, (now the submerged district of the Gulf of Genoa, Italy) , where later they built their principal city which they termed Win-ge-let'.

Prior to the establishment of the eastern and southern portions of the Mediterranean Sea, and the now known Island of Sicily, a large tribe of Jeretheans occupied the section of country now known as the Bay of Palermo, the Gulf of Caslel a Mare, and the Island of Ustica.

At the time of the formation of the northwestern section of the Mediterranean Sea, a portion of the Jeretheans were left as a remnant in the section now known as northwestern Italy, near the point where now is located the city of Genoa, who re- mained in that section for several hundred years before the establishment of the great Cinetoien migration, who termed the section Cinetoie, and called themselves the Cinetoiens.

In the South, the distance between the mouth of the Amazon and Africa, is not greater than the length of the Mediterranean Sea.

Capricorn takes its place at the entrance of the Mediterranean, for Africa.

If so, that is not a bad illustration of the myth of Oceanus, when it is said, that "he was the father of all the Gods." The myths are clearly suggestive of a very high antiquity, and taken as they stand, they lead to the conclusion, that there must have been a very early intercourse between America and the Mediterranean nations.

In a future chapter, it will be shown, that Tesculipoca and Esculapius are the same God: both in name and nature, the one in Mexico, and the other among the Mediterranean nations.

belonging not to the Mediterranean Sea, but to the great Asiatic nations of antiquity, and embodies in itself national movements, by which the western shores of .North and South America were colonized, in high antiquity, by Chinese and Mongolidan races.

Among the Mediterranean nations it was mystically called Oceanus.

The cosmogony of Sanconiathon is a document acknowledged by all learned men to be very valuable, and the Mediterranean nations appear to have employed it, in the construction of their several systems of mythology.

The distance between the North-Eastern parts of South America and the coast of Africa is not greater than the length of the Mediterranean Sea.

It makes capital mythology to be obliged to transfer these two mythic stemfathers from the Mediterranean Sea to the gulf of Texas, as it is a very ugly, unnatural, and impossible story as it stands.

On the whole it is safest to consider the constellation as belonging to Italy ; but it makes good mythology to bring the sign originally from Palenque to the Mediterranean Sea as the Maltese Cross.

He is about to forsake the Atlantic Isle that had been assigned to him, and to seek for new territories on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea ; but there is danger ahead.

The fishes must have swam to Carthage, Phoenicia, and the Islands of the Mediterranean Sea.

The shortest is as follows : " Centaurus, a ship in the fleet of JEneas, which had the figure of a Centaur." As this is taken from the JEneid, it may refer to the Mediterranean Sea; but it would suit the Ship Argo, exactly, as that vessel stands off the coast in both the Zodiacs.

There must, therefore, have been migrations from South America across the Atlantic and up the Mediterranean Sea to Crete carrying the code of laws which the Judge had constructed.

We know that they extend in Europe to the Mediterranean.

The northern and.central parts of Europe, the vast countries which extend from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and the Danube, were visited by a period of sudden and severe cold ; the temperature of the polar regions seized them.

While no mile-thick ice-sheet descends to the Mediterranean or the Gulf of Mexico, glaciers intrude into all the valleys, and the flora and fauna of the temperate regions become arctic ; that is to say, only those Tarieties of plants and animals survive in those regions that are able to stand the cold, and these we now call arctic.

Science tells us that to make a woi*ld-wrapping ice-sheet two miles thick, all the waters of the ocean must have been evaporated ; * to make one a mile thick would take one half the waters of the globe ; and here we find this Roman poet, who is repeating the legends of his race, and who knew nothing about a Drift age or an Ice age, telling us that the water boiled in the streams ; that the bottom of the Mediterranean lay exposed, a bed of dry sand ; that the fish floated dead on the surface, or fled away to the great depths of the ocean ; and that even the sea-gods " hid in the heated caverns." Ovid continues : " Three times had Xeptune ventured with stern countenance to thrust his arms out of the water ; three times he was unable to endure the scorching heat of the air." This js no doubt a reminiscence of thosebuman beings who sought safety in the water, retreating downward into the deep as the heat reduced its level, occasionally lifting up their heads to breathe the torrid and tainted air.

But is it not the same story told by Ovid of the bottom of the Mediterranean having been rendered

You argue that there could not have been such an ice-age as the glacialists affirm, and yet you speak of a period of cold and ice and snow." True : but there is a great difference between such a climate as that of Scotland, damp and cold, snowy and blowy, and a continental ice-sheet, a mile or two thick, reaching from John o' Groat's House to the Mediterranean.

The great river the ferryman crosses is the Mediterranean and the Atlantic.

Central American sagas, the sagas of the old culture peoples of the Mediterranean, Homer, the Edda, and the Atlantic chronicle in the Bible, Revelation, agree that Atlantis was visited by terrible natural events, some of which recall the Egyptian plagues.

Its merchant fleet landed, to judge from ancient traditions and records, on the coasts of the Mediterranean, Africa, India, America, and Lemuria.

But Greece became the noble liberator for all lands inside the gates of the Mediterranean.

Most of the helper bands he recruited in the east, from the Atlantic colonies in North Africa and in the lands of the Mediterranean, from which part of the Atlantic mercenaries and the Aryan bodyguard also came, Ezekiel 27:10, and from the south, that is from North and West Africa.

That he came everywhere on his bold sea voyages is proved, Wieland says, by his army sign, the trident, being found in all lands of the Mediterranean, even in India and Mexico.

The Mediterranean, which consisted of two separate basins, became one.

At the beginning of our era the Aryan blood that had flowed south was already so far spoiled that in the classical culture lands of the Mediterranean the same conditions ruled as on Atlantis at the time of the rising of the mixed and the lower race against the Aias.

The culture peoples of the Mediterranean rotted from inside and could be smashed with light trouble by the comparatively small Germanic bands in the first centuries of our era.

The mixed races, Slavs, Mediterraneans, Jews, are a middle thing between god-men and animal-men.

Mixed people, Slavs, Romanic peoples, Mediterraneans, Jews, and lower races, Mongols, Negroes, redskins, are the death enemies of Aryan being, the grimmest among them the mixed.

A later revolution, which he separates from Noah's flood and identifies with the flood of Ogyges in the time of the Egyptian Hercules, drowned that land and opened the Atlantic and the Mediterranean.

Third, supposing the sea low enough to leave that vast space dry, the great basin of the Mediterranean, that of the Adriatic, perhaps even the Baltic and others, would likewise have had to be without water.

He leaves the first and second states and observes, with Fortis, that the Mediterranean and the Adriatic gulf are a new sea.

Figure that the strait of Gibraltar has not been opened, and that the Atlantic, certainly higher than the Mediterranean, is not in the basin it has filled.

The Atlantic and the Mediterranean are the effect of a new revolution of the globe.

The topography is the space the Mediterranean submerged, from the strait as far as Illyria and the Black Sea, before that submersion.

If Atlantis was submerged at the same time that the ocean, raised to a considerable height, introduced itself into our countries, one cannot doubt that it existed when the lands between Gibraltar and Syria, and between Africa and Italy, were dry, except some lakes which had to receive the waters of several rivers and which have now become the deepest places of the Mediterranean.

Does one perceive in the basin of the Atlantic, as in the Mediterranean and the gulf of Venice, indices of submerged countries?

Agree for an instant, and suppose the sea suddenly lowered by five hundred fathoms in the Mediterranean basin.

Supposing these lands and the Mediterranean basin free of the waters that cover them, the vast rivers that flow from Africa and from America must have formed great lakes there, which discharged into the Antarctic sea and made an island of the vast land in question, as the traditions of ancient Egypt supposed.

These emigrations become still more likely when one reflects that those countries were also partly submerged by the inundation that covered Atlantis and the basin of the Mediterranean.

The Pacific and the Indian sea are in great part new, like the Atlantic and the Mediterranean.

Was the last submersion, which swallowed Atlantis, the Mediterranean, and a part of the East Indies, a consequence of the universal deluge?

If the Mediterranean is a new sea, if the opening of the strait of Gibraltar and the irruption of the ocean on Atlantis are facts attested by the constant tradition of all the ancients, and if the observations of the philosopher-geographers of his day and the discoveries of the most enlightened navigators in the Pacific conspire to prove the truth of this catastrophe, he sees no inconsistency in maintaining that the lands now flooded were uncovered thousands of centuries ago and had their inhabitants.

At about that distance the region bent back to the north and to the south, so as to leave, on each side, a considerable gulf or a sort of Mediterranean, one to the north, between that land and the coast of the United States, whatever that coast then was, and the other in the place where the mouths of the Amazon are today.

D'Eckstein, in accord with the traditions, transports the myths of the cataclysm of the Manthanam in turn from the Indian Ocean to the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean, and stops.

The lake Triton, according to Diodorus, is not on the coasts of the Mediterranean but on those of the Ocean.

The Malabar coast, the peninsula of Kutch, the ports at the mouths of the rivers of India and even of China, the cities of the Persian Gulf and of the Red Sea, the shores of all Africa, the ports and islands of the Mediterranean, and those of the Baltic and the North Sea will furnish documents.

Their migrations and their establishments in the Mediterranean, the migrations by the southern way from the mouths of the Orinoco to the coasts of Mauritania, and the Hyperborean migrations, are the roads.

Hence, perhaps, the complete disappearance of the Carians of antiquity after having been, for several centuries, the masters of the Mediterranean.

The Mediterranean mastery of the Carians lasts several centuries, which he does not date more tightly.

One will not be long in discovering whether they belonged to the swarms that came directly from America to Africa, passing, by the south, from the coasts of Brazil to the Canaries and to Mauritania, or whether they were part of those who came down by Celtica and Iberia to the shores of the Mediterranean.

In Egypt, as in Greece or in Asia, the antique rivalries of these different peoples, born on other shores, often lit again when the nations issued from their colonies found themselves again in contact in those countries or in the islands of the Mediterranean.

He says that but for the Mediterranean submergence the range would join Europe and Asia, and that the link is broken at Sicily and lower Italy.

In-thl-cle'ony is the third, given by the Jeretheans who survived the submergence of southwestern Co'jel, now the Mediterranean, and were left on the northern coast of Algeria and Tunis, then known as Kinmanzes, in the section Kinmanzes.

A colony of Algerian Kadioes went to the southwestern half of the Mediterranean, termed Cojel after the pre-historic Cojel of their Keselza ancestors in Morocco, and called themselves Jeretheans.

The contents count seven great periodical convulsions of northwest Europe, a triple migration of the Zrineths, an eastern migration of the Kintilucians, a migration of the Sederones, and the great migration of the Jeretheans out of Cojel, the Mediterranean area before its submergence.

The Finnish race, which had spread as far as the shores of the Mediterranean, likewise looked in the northern regions for the milieu proper to it.

To the south and west, the marine tertiary deposits of Andalusia and Murcia, of Valencia and Catalonia, formed the shores of a Mediterranean into which the waters of the lakes went to empty.

They bear, however, as do the Mexican shores, the traces of the cataclysm which annihilated a whole world, and it doubtless resulted from the tipping determined by the uplift of Taenarum and of the Cordilleras, a movement which, by counter-blow, raised the central Orinoco and Brazil, as well as the whole basin of the Mediterranean.

Wilson still thinks the original story may mix the fall of some Iberian or other western Mediterranean power with a vague tradition of a continent beyond the Pillars of Hercules.

Language, as far as it goes, favors the Pacific over the Mediterranean route implied by Atlantis.

An island-continent over against the Pillars of Hercules, greater than Libya and Asia together, a highway to other islands and to an ocean of which the Mediterranean was a harbor.

A possible historic basis: the fall of an Iberian or other aggressive power in the western Mediterranean, mingled with vague traditions of intercourse with a vast continent beyond the Pillars.

It puts Mediterranean knowledge of a world beyond the Atlantic back into an age already hoary in the time of Socrates, or even of Solon.

According to the account in the Timaeus, Atlantis was a continent lying over against the Pillars of Hercules, greater in extent than Libya and Asia combined; the highway to other islands and to a great ocean, of which the Mediterranean Sea was a mere harbour.

In the vague geography of Socrates and Plato, that Atlantic domain is confused with some Iberian or western African power arrayed against Egypt, Hellas, and the countries on the Mediterranean.

The western Mediterranean itself was poorly known.

When the power of Atlantis was marshalled against the Mediterranean nations, Athens repelled the invader and gave liberty to the nations that had been in danger.

Nevertheless, there is nothing improbable in the idea that it rests on some historic basis, in which the tradition of the fall of an Iberian, or other aggressive power in the western Mediterranean, is mingled with other and equally vague traditions of intercourse with a vast continent lying beyond the Pillars of Hercules.

They colonised the western Mediterranean, held posts on the Euxine and in Sicily and the larger islands, and passed the straits to the coasts of Europe and Africa.

After the Carthaginian oligarchy, naval adventure was still encouraged, but the maritime era of the Mediterranean belongs to more ancient centuries.

Mediterranean history, for us, is the history of civilization around that sea.

With the fall of Carthage the Mediterranean became a Roman lake.

The American languages give one answer that accords with the legend, "white with age," of an island-continent in the Atlantic with which the Mediterranean nations once held intercourse.

Readers who take the Timaeus references to political relations common to Atlantis and parts of Libya and Europe, or who favor early intercourse between the Mediterranean and the western continent, have naturally turned to the Eskuara of the Basques.

Such evidence as a comparison of languages thus far supplies, lends more countenance to the idea of migration through the islands of the Pacific, than to such a route from the Mediterranean as is implied in any significance attached to the legend of Atlantis.

The philologist already cited, Hyde Clarke, has sought linguistic traces that would better harmonize with traditions of intercourse between the maritime nations of the eastern Mediterranean and a continent outside the Pillars.

The legend of the lost Atlantis is true in this, if in nothing else, that it relegates the knowledge of the world beyond the Atlantic, by the maritime races of the Mediterranean, to a time already of hoar antiquity in the age of Socrates, or even of Solon.

If the primary settlement had been by expeditions systematically carried on under some ancient maritime power of the Mediterranean, or of an early Iberian or Libyan seat, those settlers would have transplanted the arts of the old home.

If they owed the invention of letters to some apostle from the Mediterranean, letters which, as Bacon says, pass like ships through the seas of time, then some graphic memorial of the messenger should be recoverable, confirming the oft-recurring traditions of bearded white men who came from beyond the sea, introduced the arts, and were reverenced as divine benefactors.

It cannot be, he argues, that Egyptian, Assyrian, Hittite, and Phoenician traces still survive in the Old World, and that the Northmen's runes have put their pre-Columbian explorations beyond question, and yet that not a single trace of Mediterranean wanderers to the lost Atlantis survives.

It is, for him, an indisputable fact that long before Greece became the intellectual leader, the eastern Mediterranean was settled by maritime races whose enterprise led them to navigate the Atlantic.

The principles on which the wealth of nations depends were already in operation, he says, ages before the merchants of Tyre, or the traders of Massala, had learned to turn the mineral resources of the Cassiterides to account, or that vaguer and still more remote era before the ancient Atlantis had vanished from the ken of the civilized dwellers around the Mediterranean Sea.

He says the legends of more ancient explorers, and the whole question of migration from the Mediterranean, have already been discussed in the Lost Atlantis study.

Whitney's remark on Basque as a stepping-stone is repeated, with Whitney's own warning that to group all American languages in a single family is "a classification of ignorance." The possibilities of an ancient crossing, and of colonists from the Mediterranean, have already been discussed in the Lost Atlantis study.

They may have come from the Mediterranean, in that old mythic dawn whose memory survived in the legend of a submerged Atlantis.

The study's Atlantis sentence is the one that leaves a Mediterranean dawn, and the legend of a submerged Atlantis, as an open possibility which still brought no Egyptian or Asiatic arts into the north.

The effective reason for the end of the intercourse is the one he accepts: the great King of the West was defeated in the sea fight in the Mediterranean, and his power was utterly broken.

Michael, in the Azores, in the same way as takes place in the Mediterranean and other seas.

Clarke says we must not understand the force as derived solely from outside the Mediterranean.

The Semitic migration, which did not affect Hellas or Italia, but did Cyprus, Carthage, and Spain, probably helped to close the Mediterranean to the Atlantic king.

He points to his Mediterranean Populations.

In his work on the Khita or Hamath inscriptions, by some called Hittite, a term he says is calculated to mislead for characters found over western Asia and the eastern Mediterranean, he gave much attention to the bilingual in Khita and Assyrian cuneiform, the boss or seal of Tarkhondemos or Tarkutimmi.

His paper to the Royal Historical Society in 1882, "Early History of the Mediterranean Populations, &c., in their Migrations and Settlements," at pp.

In America a community of symbolism, character, and ornament with the Old World may be traced, but there is no such development as the coinage and standards of the Mediterranean.

Whether this is a coin is uncertain, but the serpent and eagle are found in America, as on Mediterranean coins.

Among Mediterranean writers America was called Oceanus.

In the south the distance from the mouth of the Amazon to Africa is not greater than the length of the Mediterranean (p.

Capricorn is at the entrance of the Mediterranean, for Africa.

Blacket's reading is that they are strangers who, on a river, become river gods, an illustration of Oceanus as father of the gods, and evidence of early intercourse between America and the Mediterranean (p.

Ophiuchus over the southern states is Aesculapius and the soul of the world, and he will identify Tezculipoca with Aesculapius, one in Mexico and one among the Mediterranean nations.

Mediterranean nations called it Oceanus.

Neptune is in his boat, about to forsake the Atlantic Isle and seek new territories on the Mediterranean.

The fishes swam to Carthage, Phoenicia, and the Mediterranean islands (pp.

By his first wife, Itone, he has Lycastus, father of Minos the second, king of Crete, so there were migrations from South America across the Atlantic and up the Mediterranean to Crete, carrying the code of laws.

Figuier is quoted for two cataclysms, a sudden submersion, then sudden cold from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and the Danube, over plains that had held elephants, the horse, the hippopotamus, and great carnivores.

He refuses a mile-thick sheet to the Mediterranean or the Gulf of Mexico.

He distinguishes the climate of Scotland, damp and cold, from a continental sheet a mile or two thick from John o' Groat's House to the Mediterranean.

He takes the bull through Macedonia, the cave paintings of Altamira and the Dordogne, the Egyptian Serapeum as an architectural elaboration of those cave-shrines, then along the Mediterranean to Crete, Egypt, Greece, Italy, and Palestine.

The war of gods and Titans is, for him, a memory of strife between Mediterranean and Atlantic races, of the kind Plato outlines, and also a memory of the lower caste rebelling inside Atlantis.

A ruler of Atlantis levied war on the Mediterranean lands, invaded Africa, conquered Libya as far as Egypt, and attacked Greece, besieging Athens.

The earliest European cults, Mediterranean, Teutonic, and Celtic, show animal disguise, agrarian festivals, human or animal sacrifice, dancing out a rite, a rude leechcraft, and a bargain with unseen natural powers, not yet of the rank of gods, whose office was the growth of crops and the fecundity of flocks.

Second wave, Azilian-Tardenoisian, about 10,000 years ago, shorter and darker, parents of the Mediterranean or Iberian race, and the people he matches to Plato's invaders.

The island-within-an-island plan also appears in British prehistoric island-forts of Mediterranean origin.

The sediments of Santa Maria show that in the Miocene, when the great Alpine movements had ended in Europe, a Mediterranean shore, continent or large island, lay not far from that part of the Azores, and another shore of the same Miocene sea passed near the Canaries.

Two of the greater masses lay at a short distance from the entrance to the Mediterranean, and in the region of the West Indies.

Sixty per cent of the butterflies and moths of the Canaries are of Mediterranean origin, and 20 per cent of these are found in America.

Osborn thinks a southerly origin more probable, because Aurignacian colonies surround the Mediterranean, in northern Africa, Sicily, Italy, and Iberia, and spread over southern France.

Breuil gives them a Mediterranean origin and a gradual mingling with the Aurignacian.

These people, Spence says, were the parents of the Mediterranean or Iberian race.

Elliot Smith is quoted on the family likeness between the early Neolithic peoples of the British Isles and the Mediterranean and the bulk of the population, ancient and modern, of Egypt and East Africa.

Hall, in the Cambridge Ancient History, page 264, has Egypt originally inhabited by a stone-using Hamitic race, the Iberians, related to the surrounding Semites, Libyans, and Mediterraneans.

Antilia is a large oblong mass opposite the opening of the Mediterranean, and a considerable distance from it.

The builders are Iberians, Sergi's Mediterranean race, and the Picts who built the brochs are of that stock.

The sequence does not run from east to west, because the Iberians did not originate in the eastern Mediterranean.

He asks whether a last spur or island survived until about 3500 B.C., and whether its people, ships having then ploughed the Mediterranean for 1,500 years, sailed east rather than settle the coasts of Spain or Italy, and came to Crete.

The Atlans were settled in the former continent of Atlantis, which took its name from them, and they spread over the Mediterranean.

They spread their colonies all over the Mediterranean.

Later she says the entire Mediterranean was originally a colony of the Atlans (file p.

They soon outgrew it and spread their colonies all over the Mediterranean area.

The Mediterranean, in this chapter, is the Atlans' colony, and she measures them against the Lemurians in the mental sciences.

The entire Mediterranean area was originally a colony of the Atlans, who were not particularly skilled in the use of these mental sciences.

7 (the asteroid belt of fragments, Luna, the Atlans and Atlantis, the Mediterranean, the Luninians in central Asia), file p.

27 (the Mediterranean as a colony of the Atlans, Lemuia, Black Huna, Azatlan as the physical cause), and file p.

The Atlans were settled in the former continent of Atlantis, which took its name from them, and their colonies spread over the Mediterranean.

She later calls the entire Mediterranean a colony of the Atlans.

The isthmus of Gibraltar broke, and the present strait and the Mediterranean were formed (p.

The apogee lasted 70 thousand years and exercised a deep influence on the history and religion of all the prehistoric peoples of the Mediterranean and the Near East.

The isthmus of Gibraltar was broken, forming the present strait of that name and the Mediterranean.

Over 200 sunken cities in the Mediterranean alone (file p.

He then gives Cuba and the Mediterranean.

There have been over 200 sunken cities found in the Mediterranean alone.

288 (Yonaguni 8000 BC, Cambay about 7500 BC, Cuba 2,200 feet, 200 Mediterranean cities, and the flood list), file p.

Over 200 sunken cities in the Mediterranean.

Over 200 Mediterranean cities (file pp.

Lucian, about eighteen centuries ago, is his source for the priests of Baalbek, who carried Mediterranean water inland for four days and poured it into a cleft.

The wise men of Atlantis, in that account, escape the peril by pushing through the Mediterranean and on into Asia, and they plant colonies on the Roof of the World.

He showed it to Dimitri Rebikoff, French-born, twenty years in the Mediterranean, president of the Institute of Underwater Technology.

He tries a higher culture about 5000 BC, a Cabiri cult from an Atlantis still there about 3000 BC, and a final disappearance before regular Mediterranean shipping, about 2000 BC (pp.

His own conclusion from that evidence is a land still partly there about 9600 BC, a remnant of the African shelf opposite the mouth of the Mediterranean, with lesser islands toward Europe, Africa, and perhaps Britain.

The burrowing Amphisbaenidae are confined to America, Africa, and the Mediterranean.

Sixty per cent of Canary butterflies and moths are Mediterranean, and twenty per cent of those are also American.

One, Atlantis, stood a short distance from the mouth of the Mediterranean.

Two of these, considerably larger in area than any of the others, were situated (a) at a relatively short distance from the entrance to the Mediterranean; and (b) in the region of the present West India Islands.

We may then conclude that the island-continent of Atlantis at the time of its submergence extended from a point close to the entrance to the Mediterranean to the 45th parallel of longitude, and from north to south, nearly from the 45th parallel of latitude to about the 22nd parallel of latitude.

The Abbé Breuil, he says, derives those people from circum-Mediterranean sources about 10,000 years ago.

More than a thousand flat harpoons of stag horn, and necklaces of Mediterranean and Atlantic shells, make them maritime.

Breuil's invasions come either from the Mediterranean or from the Biscay coast, which Breuil calls Atlantic.

Osborn says the early phases are missing in central and eastern Europe, so an eastern origin is unlikely, and that Aurignacian colonies ring the Mediterranean: North Africa, Sicily, Italy, Iberia, then southern France.

Giuseppe Sergi is his authority for calling the Iberians the Mediterranean race and for sending them into Britain, Ireland, France, and beyond.

An invasion of Olympus by Titan gods from the west is an allegory of a western religion entering the Mediterranean.

The western ocean was holy to Mediterranean peoples.

If the land sank about 9600 BC, colonial settlement in Europe ended then, and later Mediterranean spread is Azilian or Iberian spread.

Spence's step is: if Azilians and Iberians were Atlantean stock, their slow movement along both Mediterranean shores, to Greece and Asia Minor on the north and to Egypt on the south, is the colony.

The land must in any case have gone before regular Mediterranean shipping, about 2000 BC.

And it is obvious in any case that Atlantis itself must have finally disappeared before the period in which vessels were regularly engaged in Mediterranean commerce, say about 2,000 B.C.

At first I was under the impression that the myth referred to the entrance of the Azilian peoples to the Mediterranean, but chronological reasons seem to militate against such a presumption, and it appears much more probable that it is connected with a cultural invasion from the west at a much later period, say some 3000 years B.C.

Spence first took the myth as the Azilian entry into the Mediterranean.

The couvade, the father lying in at a birth, he finds among the Caribs and on the South American coast, and in Europe among peoples of the Mediterranean race, whom he connects with Atlantic immigrants.

He wants the land gone before regular Mediterranean shipping, about 2000 BC.